第45章

InlikemanneritbelongethtotheofficeanddutyofthesovereigntoapplyhisrewardsalwayssoastheremayarisefromthembenefittotheCommonwealth：whereinconsisteththeiruseandend；andisthendonewhentheythathavewellservedtheCommonwealthare，withaslittleexpenseofthecommontreasuryasispossible，sowellrecompensedasotherstherebymaybeencouraged，bothtoservethesameasfaithfullyastheycan，andtostudytheartsbywhichtheymaybeenabledtodoitbetter。Tobuywithmoneyorpreferment，fromapopularambitioussubjecttobequietanddesistfrommakingillimpressionsinthemindsofthepeople，hasnothingofthenatureofreward(whichisordainednotfordisservice，butforservicepast)；norasignofgratitude，butoffear；nordoesittendtothebenefit，buttothedamageofthepublic。Itisacontentionwithambition，thatofHerculeswiththemonsterHydra，which，havingmanyheads，foreveryonethatwasvanquishedtheregrewupthree。Forinlikemanner，whenthestubbornnessofonepopularmanisovercomewithreward，therearisemanymorebytheexample，thatdothesamemischiefinhopeoflikebenefit：andasallsortsofmanufacture，soalsomaliceincreasethbybeingvendible。Andthoughsometimesacivilwarmaybedeferredbysuchwaysasthat，yetthedangergrowsstillthegreater，andthepublicruinmoreassured。Itisthereforeagainstthedutyofthesovereign，towhomthepublicsafetyiscommitted，torewardthosethataspiretogreatnessbydisturbingthepeaceoftheircountry，andnotrathertoopposethebeginningsofsuchmenwithalittledanger，thanafteralongertimewithgreater。

Anotherbusinessofthesovereignistochoosegoodcounsellors；I

meansuchwhoseadviceheistotakeinthegovernmentoftheCommonwealth。Forthiswordcounsel(consilium，corruptedfromconsidium)isofalargesignification，andcomprehendethallassembliesofmenthatsittogether，notonlytodeliberatewhatistobedonehereafter，butalsotojudgeoffactspast，andoflawforthepresent。Itakeithereinthefirstsenseonly：andinthissense，thereisnochoiceofcounsel，neitherinademocracynoraristocracy；

becausethepersonscounsellingaremembersofthepersoncounselled。Thechoiceofcounsellorsthereforeispropertomonarchy，inwhichthesovereignthatendeavourethnottomakechoiceofthosethatineverykindarethemostable，dischargethnothisofficeasheoughttodo。Themostablecounsellorsaretheythathaveleasthopeofbenefitbygivingevilcounsel，andmostknowledgeofthosethingsthatconducetothepeaceanddefenceoftheCommonwealth。Itisahardmattertoknowwhoexpectethbenefitfrompublictroubles；

butthesignsthatguidetoajustsuspicionisthesoothingofthepeopleintheirunreasonableorirremediablegrievancesbymenwhoseestatesarenotsufficienttodischargetheiraccustomedexpenses，andmayeasilybeobservedbyanyonewhomitconcernstoknowit。Buttoknowwhohasmostknowledgeofthepublicaffairsisyetharder；

andtheythatknowthemneedthemagreatdealtheless。Fortoknowwhoknowstherulesalmostofanyartisagreatdegreeoftheknowledgeofthesameart，becausenomancanbeassuredofthetruthofanother’srulesbuthethatisfirsttaughttounderstandthem。Butthebestsignsofknowledgeofanyartaremuchconversinginitandconstantgoodeffectsofit。Goodcounselcomesnotbylot，norbyinheritance；andthereforethereisnomorereasontoexpectgoodadvicefromtherichornobleinmatterofstate，thanindelineatingthedimensions