第23章

Seventhly，isannexedtothesovereigntythewholepowerofprescribingtheruleswherebyeverymanmayknowwhatgoodshemayenjoy，andwhatactionshemaydo，withoutbeingmolestedbyanyofhisfellowsubjects：andthisisitmencallpropriety。Forbeforeconstitutionofsovereignpower，ashathalreadybeenshown，allmenhadrighttoallthings，whichnecessarilycausethwar：andthereforethispropriety，beingnecessarytopeace，anddependingonsovereignpower，istheactofthatpower，inordertothepublicpeace。Theserulesofpropriety(ormeumandtuum)andofgood，evil，lawful，andunlawfulintheactionsofsubjectsarethecivillaws；thatistosay，thelawsofeachCommonwealthinparticular；

thoughthenameofcivillawbenowrestrainedtotheancientcivillawsofthecityofRome；whichbeingtheheadofagreatpartoftheworld，herlawsatthattimewereinthesepartsthecivillaw。

Eighthly，isannexedtothesovereigntytherightofjudicature；

thatistosay，ofhearinganddecidingallcontroversieswhichmayariseconcerninglaw，eithercivilornatural，orconcerningfact。Forwithoutthedecisionofcontroversies，thereisnoprotectionofonesubjectagainsttheinjuriesofanother；thelawsconcerningmeumandtuumareinvain，andtoeverymanremaineth，fromthenaturalandnecessaryappetiteofhisownconservation，therightofprotectinghimselfbyhisprivatestrength，whichistheconditionofwar，andcontrarytotheendforwhicheveryCommonwealthisinstituted。

Ninthly，isannexedtothesovereigntytherightofmakingwarandpeacewithothernationsandCommonwealths；thatistosay，ofjudgingwhenitisforthepublicgood，andhowgreatforcesaretobeassembled，armed，andpaidforthatend，andtolevymoneyuponthesubjectstodefraytheexpensesthereof。Forthepowerbywhichthepeoplearetobedefendedconsistethintheirarmies，andthestrengthofanarmyintheunionoftheirstrengthunderonecommand；whichcommandthesovereigninstituted，thereforehath，becausethecommandofthemilitia，withoutotherinstitution，makethhimthathathitsovereign。Andtherefore，whosoeverismadegeneralofanarmy，hethathaththesovereignpowerisalwaysgeneralissimo。

Tenthly，isannexedtothesovereigntythechoosingofallcounsellors，ministers，magistrates，andofficers，bothinpeaceandwar。Forseeingthesovereignischargedwiththeend，whichisthecommonpeaceanddefence，heisunderstoodtohavepowertousesuchmeansasheshallthinkmostfitforhisdischarge。

Eleventhly，tothesovereigniscommittedthepowerofrewardingwithrichesorhonour；andofpunishingwithcorporalorpecuniarypunishment，orwithignominy，everysubjectaccordingtothelawhehathformerlymade；oriftherebenolawmade，accordingasheshalljudgemosttoconducetotheencouragingofmentoservetheCommonwealth，ordeterringofthemfromdoingdisservicetothesame。

Lastly，consideringwhatvaluesmenarenaturallyapttosetuponthemselves，whatrespecttheylookforfromothers，andhowlittletheyvalueothermen；fromwhencecontinuallyariseamongstthem，emulation，quarrels，factions，andatlastwar，tothedestroyingofoneanother，anddiminutionoftheirstrengthagainstacommonenemy；itisnecessarythattherebelawsofhonour，andapublicrateoftheworthofsuchmenashavedeservedorareabletodeservewelloftheCommonwealth，andthattherebeforceinthehandsofsomeorothertoputthoselawsinexecution。Butithathalreadybeenshownthatnotonlythewholemilitia，orforcesoftheCommonwealth，butalsothejudicatureofallcontroversies，isannexedtothesovereignty。Tothesovereignthereforeitbelongedalsotogivetitlesofhonour，andtoappointwhatorderofplaceanddignityeachmanshallhold，andwhatsignsofrespectinpublicorprivatemeetingstheyshallgivetooneanother。

Thesearetherightswhichmaketheessenceofsovereignty，andwhicharethemarkswherebyamanmaydiscerninwhatman，orassemblyofmen，thesovereignpowerisplacedandresideth。Fortheseareincommunicableandinseparable。Thepowertocoinmoney，todisposeoftheestateandpersonsofinfantheirs，tohavepre-emptioninmarkets，andallotherstatuteprerogativesmaybetransferredby