第33章

forsenseoftheassemblyistheresolutionofthedebateandendofalldeliberation。Andgenerallyhethatdemandethcounselisauthorofit，andthereforecannotpunishit；andwhatthesovereigncannot，nomanelsecan。Butifonesubjectgivethcounseltoanothertodoanythingcontrarytothelaws，whetherthatcounselproceedfromevilintentionorfromignoranceonly，itispunishablebytheCommonwealth；becauseignoranceofthelawisnogoodexcuse，whereeverymanisboundtotakenoticeofthelawstowhichheissubject。

Exhortation，anddehortationiscounsel，accompaniedwithsignsinhimthatgivethitofvehementdesiretohaveitfollowed；or，tosayitmorebriefly，counselvehementlypressed。Forhethatexhortethdothnotdeducetheconsequencesofwhatheadvisethtobedone，andtiehimselfthereintotherigoroftruereasoning，butencourageshimhecounsellethtoaction：ashethatdehortethdeterrethhimfromit。Andthereforetheyhaveintheirspeechesaregardtothecommonpassionsandopinionsofmen，indeducingtheirreasons；andmakeuseofsimilitudes，metaphors，examples，andothertoolsoforatory，topersuadetheirhearersoftheutility，honour，orjusticeoffollowingtheiradvice。

Fromwhencemaybeinferred，first，thatexhortationanddehortationisdirectedtothegoodofhimthatgiveththecounsel，notofhimthataskethit，whichiscontrarytothedutyofacounsellor；who，bythedefinitionofcounsel，oughttoregard，nothisownbenefit，buthiswhomheadviseth。Andthathedirectethhiscounseltohisownbenefitismanifestenoughbythelongandvehementurging，orbytheartificialgivingthereof；whichbeingnotrequiredofhim，andconsequentlyproceedingfromhisownoccasions，isdirectedprincipallytohisownbenefit，andbutaccidentallytothegoodofhimthatiscounselled，ornotatall。

Secondly，thattheuseofexhortationanddehortationliethonlywhereamanistospeaktoamultitude，becausewhenthespeechisaddressedtoone，hemayinterrupthimandexaminehisreasonsmorerigorouslythancanbedoneinamultitude；whicharetoomanytoenterintodisputeanddialoguewithhimthatspeakethindifferentlytothemallatonce。

Thirdly，thattheythatexhortanddehort，wheretheyarerequiredtogivecounsel，arecorruptcounsellorsand，asitwere，bribedbytheirowninterest。Forthoughthecounseltheygivebeneversogood，yethethatgivesitisnomoreagoodcounsellorthanhethatgivethajustsentenceforarewardisajustjudge。Butwhereamanmaylawfullycommand，asafatherinhisfamily，oraleaderinanarmy，hisexhortationsanddehortationsarenotonlylawful，butalsonecessaryandlaudable：butwhentheyarenomorecounsels，butcommands；whichwhentheyareforexecutionofsourlabour，sometimesnecessity，andalwayshumanity，requirethtobesweetenedinthedeliverybyencouragement，andinthetuneandphraseofcounselratherthaninharsherlanguageofcommand。

ExamplesofthedifferencebetweencommandandcounselwemaytakefromtheformsofspeechthatexpresstheminHolyScripture。“HavenootherGodsbutme“；“Maketothyselfnogravenimage“；“TakenotGod’snameinvain“；“SanctifytheSabbath“；“Honourthyparents“；“Killnot“；“Stealnot，“etc。arecommands，becausethereasonforwhichwearetoobeythemisdrawnfromthewillofGodourKing，whomweareobligedtoobey。Butthesewords，“Sellallthouhast；giveittothepoor；andfollowme，“arecounsel，becausethereasonforwhichwearetodosoisdrawnfromourownbenefit，whichisthis；thatweshallhave“treasureinHeaven。“Thesewords，“Gointothevillageoveragainstyou，andyoushallfindanasstied，andhercolt；looseher，andbringhertome，“areacommand；forthereasonoftheirfactisdrawnfromthewilloftheirmaster：butthesewords，“Repent，andbebaptizedinthenameofJesus，“arecounsel；becausethereasonwhyweshouldsodotendethnottoanybenefitofGodAlmighty，whoshallstillbeKinginwhatmannersoeverwerebel，butofourselves，whohavenoothermeansofavoidingthepunishmenthangingoverusforoursins。

Asthedifferenceofcounselfromcommandhathbeennowdeducedfromthenatureofcounsel，consistinginadeducingofthebenefitorhurtthatmayarisetohimthatistobetobecou