第13章

Andthoughafterdeaththerebenosenseofthepraisegivenusonearth，asbeingjoysthatareeitherswallowedupintheunspeakablejoysofheavenorextinguishedintheextremetormentsofhell：yetisnotsuchfamevain；becausemenhaveapresentdelighttherein，fromtheforesightofit，andofthebenefitthatmayredoundtherebytotheirposterity：whichthoughtheynowseenot，yettheyimagine；

andanythingthatispleasureinthesense，thesamealsoispleasureintheimagination。

Tohavereceivedfromone，towhomwethinkourselvesequal，greaterbenefitsthanthereishopetorequite，disposethtocounterfeitlove，butreallysecrethatred，andputsamanintotheestateofadesperatedebtorthat，indecliningthesightofhiscreditor，tacitlywisheshimtherewherehemightneverseehimmore。Forbenefitsoblige；andobligationisthraldom；andunrequitableobligation，perpetualthraldom；whichistoone’sequal，hateful。Buttohavereceivedbenefitsfromonewhomweacknowledgeforsuperiorinclinestolove；becausetheobligationisnonewdepression：andcheerfulacceptation(whichmencallgratitude)issuchanhonourdonetotheobligerasistakengenerallyforretribution。Alsotoreceivebenefits，thoughfromanequal，orinferior，aslongasthereishopeofrequital，disposethtolove：forintheintentionofthereceiver，theobligationisofaidandservicemutual；fromwhenceproceedethanemulationofwhoshallexceedinbenefiting；themostnobleandprofitablecontentionpossible，whereinthevictorispleasedwithhisvictory，andtheotherrevengedbyconfessingit。

Tohavedonemorehurttoamanthanhecanoriswillingtoexpiateinclineththedoertohatethesufferer。Forhemustexpectrevengeorforgiveness；bothwhicharehateful。

Fearofoppressiondisposethamantoanticipateortoseekaidbysociety：forthereisnootherwaybywhichamancansecurehislifeandliberty。

Menthatdistrusttheirownsubtletyareintumultandseditionbetterdisposedforvictorythantheythatsupposethemselveswiseorcrafty。Fortheselovetoconsult；theother，fearingtobecircumventedtostrikefirst。Andinsedition，menbeingalwaysintheprecinctsofbattle，toholdtogetherandusealladvantagesofforceisabetterstratagemthananythatcanproceedfromsubtletyofwit。

Vaingloriousmen，suchaswithoutbeingconscioustothemselvesofgreatsufficiency，delightinsupposingthemselvesgallantmen，areinclinedonlytoostentation，butnottoattempt；becausewhendangerordifficultyappears，theylookfornothingbuttohavetheirinsufficiencydiscovered。

Vain，gloriousmen，suchasestimatetheirsufficiencybytheflatteryofothermen，orthefortuneofsomeprecedentaction，withoutassuredgroundofhopefromthetrueknowledgeofthemselves，areinclinedtorashengaging；andintheapproachofdanger，ordifficulty，toretireiftheycan：becausenotseeingthewayofsafetytheywillratherhazardtheirhonour，whichmaybesalvedwithanexcuse，thantheirlives，forwhichnosalveissufficient。

Menthathaveastrongopinionoftheirownwisdominmatterofgovernmentaredisposedtoambition。Becausewithoutpublicemploymentincounselormagistracy，thehonouroftheirwisdomislost。Andthereforeeloquentspeakersareinclinedtoambition；foreloquenceseemethwisdom，bothtothemselvesandothers。

Pusillanimitydisposethmentoirresolution，andconsequentlytolosetheoccasionsandfittestopportunitiesofaction。Foraftermenhavebeenindeliberationtillthetimeofactionapproach，ifitbenotthenmanifestwhatisbesttobedone，itisasignthedifferenceofmotivestheonewayandtheotherarenotgreat：

thereforenottoresolvethenistolosetheoccasionbyweighingoftrifles，whichispusillanimity。

Frugality，thoughinpoormenavirtue，makethamanunapttoachievesuchactionsasrequirethestrengthofmanymenatonce：

foritweakeneththeirendeavour，whichtobenourishedandkeptinvigourbyreward。

Eloquence，withflattery，disposethmentoconfideinthemthathaveit；becausetheformerisseemingwisdom，thelatterseemingkindness。

Addtothemmilitaryreputationanditdisposethmentoadhereandsubjectthemselvestothosementhathavethem。Thetwoformer，havinggiventhemcautionagainstdangerfromhim，thelattergivesthemcautionagainstdangerfromothers。

Wantofscience，thatis，ignoranceofcauses，disposethorratherconstrainethamantorelyontheadviceandauthorityofothers。

Forallmenwhomthetruthconcerns，iftheyrelynotontheirown，mustrelyontheopinionofsomeotherwhomtheythinkwiserthanthemselves，andseenotwhyheshoulddeceivethem。

Ignoranceofthesignificationofwords，iswantofunderstanding，disposethmentotakeontrust，notonlythetruththeyknownot，butalsotheerrors；andwhichismore，thenonsenseofthemtheytrust：forneithererrornornonsensecan，withoutaperfectunderstandingofwords，bedetected。

Fromthesameitproceedeththatmengivedifferentnamestooneandthesamethingfromthedifferenceoftheirownpassions：astheythatapproveaprivateopinioncallitopinion；buttheythatmislikeit，heresy：andyetheresysignifiesnomorethanprivateopinion；buthasonlyagreatertinctureofcholer。

Fromthesamealsoitproceedeththatmencannotdistinguish，withoutstudyandgreatunderstandingbetweenoneactionofmanymenandmanyactionsofonemultitude；asforexample，betweentheoneactionofallthesenatorsofRomeinkillingCatiline，andthemanyactionsofanumberofsenatorsinkillingCaesar；andthereforearedisposedtotakefortheactionofthepeoplethatwhichisamultitudeofactionsdonebyamultitudeofmen，ledperhapsbythepersuasionofone。

Ignoranceofthecauses，andoriginalconstitutionofright，equity，law，andjustice，disposethamantomakecustomandexampletheruleofhisactions；insuchmannerastothinkthatunjustwhichithathbeenthecustomtopunish；andthatjust，oftheimpunityandapprobationwhereoftheycanproduceanexampleor(asthelawyerswhichonlyusethisfalsemeasureofjusticebarbarouslycallit)aprecedent；likelittlechildrenthathavenootherruleofgoodandevilmannersbutthecorrectiontheyreceivefromtheirparentsandmasters；savethatchildrenareconstanttotheirrule，whereasmenarenotso；becausegrownstrongandstubborn，theyappealfromcustomtoreason，andfromreasontocustom，asitservestheirturn，recedingfromcustomwhentheirinterestrequiresit，andsettingthemselvesagainstreasonasoftasreasonisagainstthem：whichisthecausethatthedoctrineofrightandwrongisperpetuallydisputed，bothbythepenandthesword：whereasthedoctrineoflinesandfiguresisnotso；becausemencarenot，inthatsubject，whatbetruth，asathingthatcrossesnoman’sambition，profit，orlust。ForIdoubtnot，butifithadbeenathingcontrarytoanyman’srightofdominion，ortotheinterestofmenthathavedominion，thatthethreeanglesofatriangleshouldbeequaltotwoanglesofasquare，thatdoctrineshouldhavebeen，ifnotdisputed，yetbytheburningofallbooksofgeometrysuppressed，asfarashewhomitconcernedwasable。

Ignoranceofremotecausesdisposethmentoattributealleventstothecausesimmediateandinstrumental：fortheseareallthecausestheyperceive。Andhenceitcomestopassthatinallplacesmenthataregrievedwithpaymentstothepublicdischargetheirangeruponthepublicans，thatistosay，farmers，collectors，andotherofficersofthepublicrevenue，andadheretosuchasfindfaultwiththepublicgovernment；andthereby，whentheyhaveengagedthemselvesbeyondhopeofjustification，fallalsouponthesupremeauthority，forfearofpunishment，orshameofreceivingpardon。

Ignoranceofnaturalcausesdisposethamantocredulity，soastobelievemanytimesimpassibilities：forsuchknownothingtothecontrary，butthattheymaybetrue，beingunabletodetecttheimpossibility。Andcredulity，becausemenlovetobehearkeneduntoincompany，disposeththemtolying：sothatignoranceitself，withoutmalice，isabletomakeamanbothtobelieveliesandtellthem，andsometimesalsotoinventthem。

Anxietyforthefuturetimedisposethmentoinquireintothecausesofthings：becausetheknowledgeofthemmakethmenthebetterabletoorderthepresenttotheirbestadvantage。

Curiosity，orloveoftheknowledgeofcauses，drawsamanfromconsiderationoftheeffecttoseekthecause；andagain，thecauseofthatcause；tillofnecessityhemustcometothisthoughtatlast，thatthereissomecausewhereofthereisnoformercause，butiseternal；whichisitmencallGod。SothatitisimpossibletomakeanyprofoundinquiryintonaturalcauseswithoutbeinginclinedtherebytobelievethereisoneGodeternal；thoughtheycannothaveanyideaofHimintheirmindanswerabletoHisnature。Forasamanthatisbornblind，hearingmentalkofwarmingthemselvesbythefire，andbeingbroughttowarmhimselfbythesame，mayeasilyconceive，andassurehimself，thereissomewhattherewhichmencallfireandisthecauseoftheheathefeels，butcannotimaginewhatitislike，norhaveanideaofitinhismindsuchastheyhavethatseeit：soalso，bythevisiblethingsofthisworld，andtheiradmirableorder，amanmayconceivethereisacauseofthem，whichmencallGod，andyetnothaveanideaorimageofHiminhismind。

Andtheythatmakelittleornoinquiryintothenaturalcausesofthings，yetfromthefearthatproceedsfromtheignoranceitselfofwhatitisthathaththepowertodothemmuchgoodorharmareinclinedtosuppose，andfeignuntothemselves，severalkindsofpowersinvisible，andtostandinaweoftheirownimaginations，andintimeofdistresstoinvokethem；asalsointhetimeofanexpectedgoodsuccess，togivethemthanks，makingthecreaturesoftheirownfancytheirgods。Bywhichmeansithathcometopassthatfromtheinnumerablevarietyoffancy，menhavecreatedintheworldinnumerablesortsofgods。Andthisfearofthingsinvisibleisthenaturalseedofthatwhicheveryoneinhimselfcallethreligion；

andinthemthatworshiporfearthatpowerotherwisethantheydo，superstition。

Andthisseedofreligion，havingbeenobservedbymany，someofthosethathaveobservedithavebeeninclinedtherebytonourish，dress，andformitintolaws；andtoaddtoit，oftheirowninvention，anyopinionofthecausesoffutureeventsbywhichtheythoughttheyshouldbestbeabletogovernothersandmakeuntothemselvesthegreatestuseoftheirpowers。

SEEINGtherearenosignsnorfruitofreligionbutinmanonly，thereisnocausetodoubtbutthattheseedofreligionisalsoonlyinman；andconsistethinsomepeculiarquality，oratleastinsomeeminentdegreethereof，nottobefoundinotherlivingcreatures。

Andfirst，itispeculiartothenatureofmantobeinquisitiveintothecausesoftheeventstheysee，somemore，someless，butallmensomuchastobecuriousinthesearchofthecausesoftheirowngoodandevilfortune。

Secondly，uponthesightofanythingthathathabeginning，tothinkalsoithadacausewhichdeterminedthesametobeginthenwhenitdid，ratherthansoonerorlater。

Thirdly，whereasthereisnootherfelicityofbeastsbuttheenjoyingoftheirquotidianfood，ease，andlusts；ashavinglittleornoforesightofthetimetocomeforwantofobservationandmemoryoftheorder，consequence，anddependenceofthethingstheysee；manobservethhowoneeventhathbeenproducedbyanother，andrememberethinthemantecedenceandconsequence；andwhenhecannotassurehimselfofthetruecausesofthings(forthecausesofgoodandevilfortuneforthemostpartareinvisible)，hesupposescausesofthem，eithersuchashisownfancysuggesteth，ortrustethtotheauthorityofothermensuchashethinkstobehisfriendsandwiserthanhimself。

Thetwofirstmakeanxiety。Forbeingassuredthattherebecausesofallthingsthathavearrivedhitherto，orshallarrivehereafter，itisimpossibleforaman，whocontinuallyendeavourethtosecurehimselfagainsttheevilhefears，andprocurethegoodhedesireth，nottobeinaperpetualsolicitudeofthetimetocome；sothateveryman，especiallythosethatareover-provident，areinanestateliketothatofPrometheus。ForasPrometheus(which，interpreted，istheprudentman)wasboundtothehillCaucasus，aplaceoflargeprospect，whereaneagle，feedingonhisliver，devouredinthedayasmuchaswasrepairedinthenight：sothatman，whichlookstoofarbeforehiminthecareoffuturetime，hathhisheartallthedaylonggnawedonbyfearofdeath，poverty，orothercalamity；andhasnorepose，norpauseofhisanxiety，butinsleep。