第9章

Fancyhasnoplace，butonlyinadorningthestyle。

Inorationsofpraise，andininvectives，thefancyispredominant；becausethedesignisnottruth，buttohonourordishonour；whichisdonebynobleorbyvilecomparisons。Thejudgementdoesbutsuggestwhatcircumstancesmakeanactionlaudableorculpable。

Inhortativesandpleadings，astruthordisguiseservethbesttothedesigninhand，soisthejudgementorthefancymostrequired。

Indemonstration，incouncil，andallrigoroussearchoftruth，sometimesdoesall；exceptsometimestheunderstandinghaveneedtobeopenedbysomeaptsimilitude，andthenthereissomuchuseoffancy。

Butformetaphors，theyareinthiscaseutterlyexcluded。Forseeingtheyopenlyprofessdeceit，toadmitthemintocouncil，orreasoning，weremanifestfolly。

Andinanydiscoursewhatsoever，ifthedefectofdiscretionbeapparent，howextravagantsoeverthefancybe，thewholediscoursewillbetakenforasignofwantofwit；andsowillitneverwhenthediscretionismanifest，thoughthefancybeneversoordinary。

Thesecretthoughtsofamanrunoverallthingsholy，prophane，clean，obscene，grave，andlight，withoutshame，orblame；whichverbaldiscoursecannotdo，fartherthanthejudgementshallapproveofthetime，place，andpersons。Ananatomistorphysicianmayspeakorwritehisjudgementofuncleanthings；becauseitisnottoplease，butprofit：butforanothermantowritehisextravagantandpleasantfanciesofthesameisasifaman，frombeingtumbledintothedirt，shouldcomeandpresenthimselfbeforegoodcompany。Anditisthewantofdiscretionthatmakesthedifference。Again，inprofessedremissnessofmind，andfamiliarcompany，amanmayplaywiththesoundsandequivocalsignificationsofwords，andthatmanytimeswithencountersofextraordinaryfancy；butinasermon，orinpublic，orbeforepersonsunknown，orwhomweoughttoreverence，thereisnojinglingofwordsthatwillnotbeaccountedfolly：andthedifferenceisonlyinthewantofdiscretion。Sothatwherewitiswanting，itisnotfancythatiswanting，butdiscretion。Judgement，therefore，withoutfancyiswit，butfancywithoutjudgement，not。

Whenthethoughtsofamanthathasadesigninhand，runningoveramultitudeofthings，observeshowtheyconducetothatdesign，orwhatdesigntheymayconduceunto；ifhisobservationsbesuchasarenoteasy，orusual，thiswitofhisiscalledprudence，anddependethonmuchexperience，andmemoryofthelikethingsandtheirconsequencesheretofore。Inwhichthereisnotsomuchdifferenceofmenasthereisintheirfanciesandjudgements；becausetheexperienceofmenequalinageisnotmuchunequalastothequantity，butliesindifferentoccasions，everyonehavinghisprivatedesigns。

Togovernwellafamilyandakingdomarenotdifferentdegreesofprudence，butdifferentsortsofbusiness；nomorethantodrawapictureinlittle，orasgreatorgreaterthanthelife，aredifferentdegreesofart。AplainhusbandmanismoreprudentinaffairsofhisownhousethanaPrivyCounsellorintheaffairsofanotherman。

Toprudence，ifyouaddtheuseofunjustordishonestmeans，suchasusuallyarepromptedtomenbyfearorwant，youhavethatcrookedwisdomwhichiscalledcraft；whichisasignofpusillanimity。Formagnanimityiscontemptofunjustordishonesthelps。AndthatwhichtheLatinscallversutia(translatedintoEnglish，shifting)，andisaputtingoffofapresentdangerorincommoditybyengagingintoagreater，aswhenamanrobsonetopayanother，isbutashorter-sightedcraft；calledversutia，fromversura，whichsignifiestakingmoneyatusuryforthepresentpaymentofinterest。

Asforacquiredwit(Imeanacquiredbymethodandinstruction)，thereisnonebutreason；whichisgroundedontherightuseofspeech，andproduceththesciences。Butofreasonandscience，I

havealreadyspokeninthefifthandsixthchapters。

Thecausesofthisdifferenceofwitsareinthepassions，andthedifferenceofpassionsproceedethpartlyfromthedifferentconstitutionofthebody，andpartlyfromdifferenteducation。Forifthedifferenceproceededfromthetemperofthebrain，andtheorgansofsense，eitherexteriororinterior，therewouldbenolessdifferenceofmenintheirsight，hearing，orothersensesthanintheirfanciesanddiscretions。Itproceeds，therefore，fromthepassions；whicharedifferent，notonlyfromthedifferenceofmen’scomplexions，butalsofromtheirdifferenceofcustomsandeducation。

Thepassionsthatmostofallcausethedifferencesofwitareprincipallythemoreorlessdesireofpower，ofriches，ofknowledge，andofhonour。Allwhichmaybereducedtothefirst，thatis，desireofpower。Forriches，knowledgeandhonourarebutseveralsortsofpower。

Andtherefore，amanwhohasnogreatpassionforanyofthesethings，butisasmentermitindifferent；thoughhemaybesofaragoodmanastobefreefromgivingoffence，yethecannotpossiblyhaveeitheragreatfancyormuchjudgement。Forthethoughtsaretothedesiresasscoutsandspiestorangeabroadandfindthewaytothethingsdesired，allsteadinessofthemind’smotion，andallquicknessofthesame，proceedingfromthence。Forastohavenodesireistobedead；sotohaveweakpassionsisdullness；andtohavepassionsindifferentlyforeverything，giddinessanddistraction；

andtohavestrongerandmorevehementpassionsforanythingthanisordinarilyseeninothersisthatwhichmencallmadness。

Whereoftherebealmostasmaykindsasofthepassionsthemselves。Sometimestheextraordinaryandextravagantpassionproceedethfromtheevilconstitutionoftheorgansofthebody，orharmdonethem；andsometimesthehurt，andindispositionoftheorgans，iscausedbythevehemenceorlongcontinuanceofthepassion。

Butinbothcasesthemadnessisofoneandthesamenature。

Thepassionwhoseviolenceorcontinuancemakethmadnessiseithergreatvainglory，whichiscommonlycalledprideandself-conceit，orgreatdejectionofmind。

Pridesubjectethamantoanger，theexcesswhereofisthemadnesscalledrage，andfury。Andthusitcomestopassthatexcessivedesireofrevenge，whenitbecomeshabitual，hurteththeorgans，andbecomesrage：thatexcessivelove，withjealousy，becomesalsorage：

excessiveopinionofaman’sownself，fordivineinspiration，forwisdom，learning，form，andthelike，becomesdistractionandgiddiness：thesame，joinedwithenvy，rage：vehementopinionofthetruthofanything，contradictedbyothers，rage。

Dejectionsubjectsamantocauselessfears，whichisamadnesscommonlycalledmelancholyapparentalsoindiversemanners：asinhauntingofsolitudesandgraves；insuperstitiousbehaviour；andinfearingsomeone，someanother，particularthing。Insum，allpassionsthatproducestrangeandunusualbehaviourarecalledbythegeneralnameofmadness。Butoftheseveralkindsofmadness，hethatwouldtakethepainsmightenrolalegion。Andiftheexcessesbemadness，thereisnodoubtbutthepassionsthemselves，whentheytendtoevil，aredegreesofthesame。

Forexample，thoughtheeffectoffolly，inthemthatarepossessedofanopinionofbeinginspired，benotvisiblealwaysinonemanbyanyveryextravagantactionthatproceedethfromsuchpassion，yetwhenmanyofthemconspiretogether，therageofthewholemultitudeisvisibleenough。Forwhatargumentofmadnesscantherebegreaterthantoclamour，strike，andthrowstonesatourbestfriends？Yetthisissomewhatlessthansuchamultitudewilldo。

Fortheywillclamour，fightagainst，anddestroythosebywhomalltheirlifetimebeforetheyhavebeenprotectedandsecuredfrominjury。Andifthisbemadnessinthemultitude，itisthesameineveryparticularman。Forasinthemidstofthesea，thoughamanperceivenosoundofthatpartofthewaternexthim，yetheiswellassuredthatpartcontributesasmuchtotheroaringoftheseaasanyotherpartofthesamequantity：soalso，thoughweperceivenogreatunquietnessinoneortwomen，yetwemaybewellassuredthattheirsingularpassionsarepartsoftheseditiousroaringofatroublednation。Andiftherewerenothingelsethatbewrayedtheirmadness，yetthatveryarrogatingsuchinspirationtothemselvesisargumentenough。IfsomemaninBedlamshouldentertainyouwithsoberdiscourse，andyoudesireintakingleavetoknowwhathewerethatyoumightanothertimerequitehiscivility，andheshouldtellyouhewereGodtheFather；Ithinkyouneedexpectnoextravagantactionforargumentofhismadness。

Thisopinionofinspiration，calledcommonly，privatespirit，beginsveryoftenfromsomeluckyfindingofanerrorgenerallyheldbyothers；andnotknowing，ornotremembering，bywhatconductofreasontheycametososingularatruth，astheythinkit，thoughitbemanytimesanuntruththeylighton，theypresentlyadmirethemselvesasbeinginthespecialgraceofGodAlmighty，whohathrevealedthesametothemsupernaturallybyhisSpirit。

Again，thatmadnessisnothingelsebuttoomuchappearingpassionmaybegatheredoutoftheeffectsofwine，whicharethesamewiththoseoftheevildispositionoftheorgans。Forthevarietyofbehaviourinmenthathavedrunktoomuchisthesamewiththatofmadmen：someofthemraging，othersloving，otherslaughing，allextravagantly，butaccordingtotheirseveraldomineeringpassions：

fortheeffectofthewinedoesbutremovedissimulation，andtakefromthemthesightofthedeformityoftheirpassions。For，I

believe，themostsobermen，whentheywalkalonewithoutcareandemploymentofthemind，wouldbeunwillingthevanityandextravaganceoftheirthoughtsatthattimeshouldbepubliclyseen，whichisaconfessionthatpassionsunguidedareforthemostpartmeremadness。

Theopinionsoftheworld，bothinancientandlaterages，concerningthecauseofmadnesshavebeentwo。Some，derivingthemfromthepassions；some，fromdemonsorspirits，eithergoodorbad，whichtheythoughtmightenterintoaman，possesshim，andmovehisorgansinsuchstrangeanduncouthmannerasmadmenusetodo。Theformersort，therefore，calledsuchmen，madmen：butthelattercalledthemsometimesdemoniacs(thatis，possessedwithspirits)；

sometimesenergumeni(thatis，agitatedormovedwithspirits)；andnowinItalytheyarecallednotonlypazzi，madmen；butalsospiritati，menpossessed。

TherewasonceagreatconfluxofpeopleinAbdera，acityoftheGreeks，attheactingofthetragedyofAndromeda，uponanextremehotday：whereuponagreatmanyofthespectators，fallingintofevers，hadthisaccidentfromtheheatandfromthetragedytogether，thattheydidnothingbutpronounceiambics，withthenamesofPerseusandAndromeda；which，togetherwiththefever，wascuredbythecomingonofwinter：andthismadnesswasthoughttoproceedfromthepassionimprintedbythetragedy。LikewisetherereignedafitofmadnessinanotherGreciancitywhichseizedonlytheyoungmaidens，andcausedmanyofthemtohangthemselves。Thiswasbymostthenthoughtanactofthedevil。Butonethatsuspectedthatcontemptoflifeinthemmightproceedfromsomepassionofthemind，andsupposingtheydidnotcontemnalsotheirhonour，gavecounseltothemagistratestostripsuchassohangedthemselves，andletthemhangoutnaked。This，thestorysays，curedthatmadness。Butontheotherside，thesameGreciansdidoftenascribemadnesstotheoperationoftheEumenides，orFuries；andsometimesofCeres，Phoebus，andothergods：