第31章

INTHElastchapterIhavespokenofthesimilarpartsofaCommonwealth：inthisIshallspeakofthepartsorganical，whicharepublicministers。

Apublicministerishethatbythesovereign，whetheramonarchoranassembly，isemployedinanyaffairs，withauthoritytorepresentinthatemploymentthepersonoftheCommonwealth。Andwhereaseverymanorassemblythathathsovereigntyrepresentethtwopersons，or，asthemorecommonphraseis，hastwocapacities，onenaturalandanotherpolitic；asamonarchhaththepersonnotonlyoftheCommonwealth，butalsoofaman，andasovereignassemblyhaththepersonnotonlyoftheCommonwealth，butalsooftheassembly：theythatbeservantstothemintheirnaturalcapacityarenotpublicministers；butthoseonlythatservethemintheadministrationofthepublicbusiness。Andthereforeneitherushers，norsergeants，norotherofficersthatwaitontheassemblyfornootherpurposebutforthecommodityofthemenassembled，inanaristocracyordemocracy；norstewards，chamberlains，cofferers，oranyotherofficersofthehouseholdofamonarch，arepublicministersinamonarchy。

Ofpublicministers，somehavechargecommittedtothemofageneraladministration，eitherofthewholedominionorofapartthereof。

Ofthewhole，astoaprotector，orregent，maybecommittedbythepredecessorofaninfantking，duringhisminority，thewholeadministrationofhiskingdom。Inwhichcase，everysubjectissofarobligedtoobedienceastheordinancesheshallmake，andthecommandsheshallgive，beintheking’sname，andnotinconsistentwithhissovereignpower。Ofapart，orprovince；aswheneitheramonarchorasovereignassemblyshallgivethegeneralchargethereoftoagovernor，lieutenant，prefectorviceroy：andinthiscasealso，everyoneofthatprovinceisobligedtoallheshalldointhenameofthesovereign，andthatnotincompatiblewiththesovereign’sright。Forsuchprotectors，viceroys，andgovernorshavenootherrightbutwhatdependsonthesovereignswill；andnocommissionthatcanbegiventhemcanbeinterpretedforadeclarationofthewilltotransferthesovereignty，withoutexpressandperspicuouswordstothatpurpose。Andthiskindofpublicministersresembleththenervesandtendonsthatmovetheseverallimbsofabodynatural。

Othershavespecialadministration；thatistosay，chargesofsomespecialbusiness，eitherathomeorabroad：asathome，first，fortheeconomyofaCommonwealth，theythathaveauthorityconcerningthetreasury，astributes，impositions，rents，fines，orwhatsoeverpublicrevenue，tocollect，receive，issue，ortaketheaccountsthereof，arepublicministers：ministers，becausetheyservethepersonrepresentative，andcandonothingagainsthiscommand，norwithouthisauthority；public，becausetheyservehiminhispoliticalcapacity。

Secondly，theythathaveauthorityconcerningthemilitia；tohavethecustodyofarms，forts，ports；tolevy，pay，orconductsoldiers；ortoprovideforanynecessarythingfortheuseofwar，eitherbylandorsea，arepublicministers。Butasoldierwithoutcommand，thoughhefightfortheCommonwealth，doesnotthereforerepresentthepersonofit；becausethereisnonetorepresentitto。Foreveryonethathathcommandrepresentsittothemonlywhomhecommandeth。

Theyalsothathaveauthoritytoteach，ortoenableotherstoteachthepeopletheirdutytothesovereignpower，andinstructthemintheknowledgeofwhatisjustandunjust，therebytorenderthemmoreapttoliveingodlinessandinpeaceamongstthemselves，andresistthepublicenemy，arepublicministers：ministers，inthattheydoitnotbytheirownauthority，butbyanother’s；andpublic，becausetheydoit，orshoulddoit，bynoauthoritybutthatofthesovereign。ThemonarchorthesovereignassemblyonlyhathimmediateauthorityfromGodtoteachandinstructthepeople；andnomanbutthesovereignreceivethhispowerDeigratiasimply；thatistosay，fromthefavourofnonebutGod：allotherreceivetheirsfromthefavourandprovidenceofGodandtheirsovereigns；asinamonarchyDeigratiaetregis；orDeiprovidentiaetvoluntateregis。

Theyalsotowhomjurisdictionisgivenarepublicministers。