第10章

somuchdidmenattributetophantasmsastothinkthemaeriallivingbodies，andgenerallytocallthemspirits。AndastheRomansinthisheldthesameopinionwiththeGreeks，soalsodidtheJews；

fortheycalledmadmenprophets，or，accordingastheythoughtthespiritsgoodorbad，demoniacs；andsomeofthemcalledbothprophetsanddemoniacsmadmen；andsomecalledthesamemanbothdemoniacandmadman。ButfortheGentiles，itisnowonder；becausediseasesandhealth，vicesandvirtues，andmanynaturalaccidentswerewiththemtermedandworshippedasdemons。Sothatamanwastounderstandbydemonaswellsometimesanagueasadevil。ButfortheJewstohavesuchopinionissomewhatstrange。ForneitherMosesnorAbrahampretendedtoprophesybypossessionofaspirit，butfromthevoiceofGod，orbyavisionordream：noristhereanythinginhislaw，moralorceremonial，bywhichtheyweretaughttherewasanysuchenthusiasm，oranypossession。WhenGodissaidtotakefromthespiritthatwasinMoses，andgivetotheseventyelders，thespiritofGod，takingitforthesubstanceofGod，isnotdivided。*TheScripturesbytheSpiritofGodinmanmeanaman’sspirit，inclinedtogodliness。Andwhereitissaid，“WhomI

havefilledwiththespiritofwisdomtomakegarmentsforAaron，“*(2)

isnotmeantaspiritputintothem，thatcanmakegarments，butthewisdomoftheirownspiritsinthatkindofwork。Inthelikesense，thespiritofman，whenitproducethuncleanactions，isordinarilycalledanuncleanspirit；andsootherspirits，thoughnotalways，yetasoftenasthevirtueorvice，sostyled，isextraordinaryandeminent。NeitherdidtheotherprophetsoftheOldTestamentpretendenthusiasm，orthatGodspokeinthem，buttothem，byvoice，vision，ordream；andthe“burdenoftheLord“wasnotpossession，butcommand。HowthencouldtheJewsfallintothisopinionofpossession？

Icanimaginenoreasonbutthatwhichiscommontoallmen；namely，thewantofcuriositytosearchnaturalcauses；andtheirplacingfelicityintheacquisitionofthegrosspleasuresofthesenses，andthethingsthatmostimmediatelyconducethereto。Fortheythatseeanystrangeandunusualabilityordefectinaman’smind，unlesstheyseewithalfromwhatcauseitmayprobablyproceed，canhardlythinkitnatural；andifnotnatural，theymustneedsthinkitsupernatural；andthenwhatcanitbe，butthateitherGodortheDevilisinhim？Andhenceitcametopass，whenourSaviourwascompassedaboutwiththemultitude，thoseofthehousedoubtedhewasmad，andwentouttoholdhim：buttheScribessaidhehadBeelzebub，andthatwasit，bywhichhecastoutdevils；asifthegreatermadmanhadawedthelesser。*(3)Andthatsomesaid，“Hehathadevil，andismad“；whereasothers，holdinghimforaprophet，said，“Thesearenotthewordsofonethathathadevil。“*(4)SointheOldTestamenthethatcametoanointJehuwasaProphet；butsomeofthecompanyaskedJehu，“Whatcamethatmadmanfor？“*(5)Sothat，insum，itismanifestthatwhosoeverbehavedhimselfinextraordinarymannerwasthoughtbytheJewstobepossessedeitherwithagoodorevilspirit；exceptbytheSadducees，whoerredsofarontheotherhandasnottobelievetherewereatallanyspirits，whichisveryneartodirectatheism；andtherebyperhapsthemoreprovokedotherstotermsuchmendemoniacsratherthanmadmen。

ButwhythendoesourSaviourproceedinthecuringofthem，asiftheywerepossessed，andnotasittheyweremad？TowhichIcangivenootherkindofanswerbutthatwhichisgiventothosethaturgetheScriptureinlikemanneragainsttheopinionofthemotionoftheearth。TheScripturewaswrittentoshowuntomenthekingdomofGod，andtopreparetheirmindstobecomeHisobedientsubjects，leavingtheworld，andthephilosophythereof，tothedisputationofmenfortheexercisingoftheirnaturalreason。Whethertheearth’sorsun’smotionmakethedayandnight，orwhethertheexorbitantactionsofmenproceedfrompassionorfromtheDevil，soweworshiphimnot，itisallone，astoourobedienceandsubjectiontoGodAlmighty；whichisthethingforwhichtheScripturewaswritten。AsforthatourSaviourspeakethtothediseaseastoaperson，itistheusualphraseofallthatcurebywordsonly，asChristdid，andenchanterspretendtodo，whethertheyspeaktoadevilornot。ForisnotChristalsosaidtohaverebukedthewinds？*Isnothesaidalsotorebukeafever？*(2)Yetthisdoesnotarguethatafeverisadevil。AndwhereasmanyofthosedevilsaresaidtoconfessChrist，itisnotnecessarytointerpretthoseplacesotherwisethanthatthosemadmenconfessedHim。AndwhereasourSaviourspeakethofanuncleanspiritthat，havinggoneoutofaman，wandereththroughdryplaces，seekingrest，andfindingnone，andreturningintothesamemanwithsevenotherspiritsworsethanhimself；*(3)itismanifestlyaparable，alludingtoamanthat，afteralittleendeavourtoquithislusts，isvanquishedbythestrengthofthem，andbecomesseventimesworsethanhewas。SothatIseenothingatallintheScripturethatrequirethabeliefthatdemoniacswereanyotherthingbutmadmen。

Thereisyetanotherfaultinthediscoursesofsomemen，whichmayalsobenumberedamongstthesortsofmadness；namely，thatabuseofwords，whereofIhavespokenbeforeinthefifthchapterbythenameofabsurdity。Andthatiswhenmenspeaksuchwordsas，puttogether，haveinthemnosignificationatall，butarefallenupon，bysome，throughmisunderstandingofthewordstheyhavereceivedandrepeatbyrote；byothers，fromintentiontodeceivebyobscurity。

Andthisisincidenttononebutthosethatconverseinquestionsofmattersincomprehensible，astheSchoolmen；orinquestionsofabstrusephilosophy。Thecommonsortofmenseldomspeakinsignificantly，andaretherefore，bythoseotheregregiouspersons，countedidiots。Buttobeassuredtheirwordsarewithoutanythingcorrespondenttotheminthemind，therewouldneedsomeexamples；whichifanymanrequire，lethimtakeaSchoolmanintohishandsandseeifhecantranslateanyonechapterconcerninganydifficultpoint；astheTrinity，theDeity，thenatureofChrist，transubstantiation，freewill，etc。，intoanyofthemoderntongues，soastomakethesameintelligible；orintoanytolerableLatin，suchastheywereacquaintedwithalthatlivedwhentheLatintonguewasvulgar。Whatisthemeaningofthesewords：“Thefirstcausedoesnotnecessarilyinflowanythingintothesecond，byforceoftheessentialsubordinationofthesecondcauses，bywhichitmayhelpittowork？“TheyarethetranslationofthetitleofthesixthchapterofSuarez’sfirstbook，OftheConcourse，Motion，andHelpofGod。Whenmenwritewholevolumesofsuchstuff，aretheynotmad，orintendtomakeothersso？Andparticularly，inthequestionoftransubstantiation；whereaftercertainwordsspokentheythatsay，thewhiteness，roundness，magnitude，quality，corruptibility，allwhichareincorporeal，etc。，gooutofthewaferintothebodyofourblessedSaviour，dotheynotmakethosenesses，tudes，andtiestobesomanyspiritspossessinghisbody？Forbyspiritstheymeanalwaysthingsthat，beingincorporeal，areneverthelessmovablefromoneplacetoanother。Sothatthiskindofabsurditymayrightlybenumberedamongstthemanysortsofmadness；andallthetimethat，guidedbyclearthoughtsoftheirworldlylust，theyforbeardisputingorwritingthus，butlucidintervals。Andthusmuchofthevirtuesanddefectsintellectual。

THEREareofareofknowledgetwokinds，whereofoneisknowledgeoffact；theother，knowledgeoftheconsequenceofoneaffirmationtoanother。Theformerisnothingelsebutsenseandmemory，andisabsoluteknowledge；aswhenweseeafactdoing，orrememberitdone；andthisistheknowledgerequiredinawitness。Thelatteriscalledscience，andisconditional；aswhenweknowthat：ifthefigureshownbeacircle，thenanystraightlinethroughthecentershalldivideitintotwoequalparts。Andthisistheknowledgerequiredinaphilosopher；thatistosay，ofhimthatpretendstoreasoning。

Theregisterofknowledgeoffactiscalledhistory，whereoftherebetwosorts：onecallednaturalhistory；whichisthehistoryofsuchfacts，oreffectsofNature，ashavenodependenceonman’swill；suchasarethehistoriesofmetals，plants，animals，regions，andthelike。Theotheriscivilhistory，whichisthehistoryofthevoluntaryactionsofmeninCommonwealths。

Theregistersofsciencearesuchbooksascontainthedemonstrationsofconsequencesofoneaffirmationtoanother；andarecommonlycalledbooksofphilosophy；whereofthesortsaremany，accordingtothediversityofthematter；andmaybedividedinsuchmannerasIhavedividedtheminthefollowingtable。

I。SCIENCE，thatis，knowledgeofconsequences；whichiscalledalsoPHILOSOPHY

A。Consequencesfromaccidentsofbodiesnatural；whichiscalledNATURALPHILOSOPHY

1。Consequencesfromaccidentscommontoallbodiesnatural；

whicharequantity，andmotion。

a。Consequencesfromquantity，andmotionindeterminate；

which，beingtheprinciplesorfirstfoundationofphilosophy，iscalledphilosophiaprimaPHILOSOPHIAPRIMA

b。Consequencesfrommotion，andquantitydetermined1)Consequencesfromquantity，andmotiondetermineda)Byfigure，Bynumber1]Mathematics，GEOMETRY

2)Consequencesfrommotion，andquantityofbodiesinspeciala)Consequencesfrommotion，andquantityofthegreatpartsoftheworld，astheearthandstars，1]CosmographyASTRONOMY

GEOGRAPHY

b)Consequencesfrommotionofspecialkinds，andfiguresofbody，1]Mechanics，doctrineofweightScienceofENGINEERS。PHYSICS，orconsequencesfromqualitiesa。Consequencesfromqualitiesofbodiestransient，suchassometimesappear，sometimesvanishMETEOROLOGY

b。Consequencesfromqualitiesofbodiespermanent1)Consequencesfromqualitiesofstarsa)Consequencesfromthelightofthestars。Outofthis，andthemotionofthesun，ismadethescienceofSCIOGRAPHY

b)Consequencesfromtheinfluenceofthestars，ASTROLOGY

2)Consequencesofqualitiesfromliquidbodiesthatfillthespacebetweenthestars；suchasaretheair，orsubstanceetherial3)Consequencesfromqualitiesofbodiesterrestriala)Consequencesfrompartsoftheearththatarewithoutsense，1]Consequencesfromqualitiesofminerals，asstones，metals，etc。

2]Consequencesfromthequalitiesofvegetablesb)Consequencesfromqualitiesofanimals1]Consequencesfromqualitiesofanimalsingenerala]Consequencesfromvision，OPTICS

b]Consequencesfromsounds，MUSIC

c]Consequencesfromtherestofthesenses2]Consequencesfromqualitiesofmeninspeciala]Consequencesfrompassionsofmen，ETHICS

b]Consequencesfromspeech，i)Inmagnifying，vilifying，etc。

POETRY

ii)Inpersuading，RHETORIC

iii)Inreasoning，LOGIC

iv)Incontracting，TheScienceofJUSTandUNJUST

B。Consequencesfromaccidentsofpoliticbodies；whichiscalledPOLITICS，ANDCIVILPHILOSOPHY