第40章

Sixthly，whereastocertainactionstherebeannexedbynaturediversehurtfulconsequences；aswhenamaninassaultinganotherishimselfslainorwounded；orwhenhefallethintosicknessbythedoingofsomeunlawfulact；suchhurt，thoughinrespectofGod，whoistheauthorofnature，itmaybesaidtobeinflicted，andthereforeapunishmentdivine；yetitisnotcontainedinthenameofpunishmentinrespectofmen，becauseitisnotinflictedbytheauthorityofman。

Seventhly，iftheharminflictedbelessthanthebenefitofcontentmentthatnaturallyfolloweththecrimecommitted，thatharmisnotwithinthedefinitionandisratherthepriceorredemptionthanthepunishmentofacrime：becauseitisofthenatureofpunishmenttohaveforendthedisposingofmentoobeythelaw；whichend(ifitbelessthanthebenefitofthetransgression)itattainethnot，butworkethacontraryeffect。

Eighthly，ifapunishmentbedeterminedandprescribedinthelawitself，andafterthecrimecommittedtherebeagreaterpunishmentinflicted，theexcessisnotpunishment，butanactofhostility。

Forseeingtheaimofpunishmentisnotarevenge，butterror；andtheterrorofagreatpunishmentunknownistakenawaybythedeclarationofaless，theunexpectedadditionisnopartofthepunishment。Butwherethereisnopunishmentatalldeterminedbythelaw，therewhatsoeverisinflictedhaththenatureofpunishment。Forhethatgoesabouttheviolationofalaw，whereinnopenaltyisdetermined，expectethanindeterminate，thatistosay，anarbitrarypunishment。

Ninthly，harminflictedforafactdonebeforetherewasalawthatforbadeitisnotpunishment，butanactofhostility：forbeforethelaw，thereisnotransgressionofthelaw：butpunishmentsupposethafactjudgedtohavebeenatransgressionofthelaw；

thereforeharminflictedbeforethelawmadeisnotpunishment，butanactofhostility。

Tenthly，hurtinflictedontherepresentativeoftheCommonwealthisnotpunishment，butanactofhostility：becauseitisofthenatureofpunishmenttobeinflictedbypublicauthority，whichistheauthorityonlyoftherepresentativeitself。

Lastly，harminflictedupononethatisadeclaredenemyfallsnotunderthenameofpunishment：becauseseeingtheywereeitherneversubjecttothelaw，andthereforecannottransgressit；orhavingbeensubjecttoit，andprofessingtobenolongerso，byconsequencedenytheycantransgressit，alltheharmsthatcanbedonethemmustbetakenasactsofhostility。Butindeclaredhostilityallinflictionofevilislawful。FromwhenceitfolloweththatifasubjectshallbyfactorwordwittinglyanddeliberatelydenytheauthorityoftherepresentativeoftheCommonwealth(whatsoeverpenaltyhathbeenformerlyordainedfortreason)，hemaylawfullybemadetosufferwhatsoevertherepresentativewill：forindenyingsubjection，hedeniessuchpunishmentasbythelawhathbeenordained，andthereforesuffersasanenemyoftheCommonwealth；

thatis，accordingtothewilloftherepresentative。Forthepunishmentssetdowninthelawaretosubjects，nottoenemies；

suchasaretheythat，havingbeenbytheirownactsubjects，deliberatelyrevolting，denythesovereignpower。

Thefirstandmostgeneraldistributionofpunishmentsisintodivineandhuman。OftheformerIshallhaveoccasiontospeakinamoreconvenientplacehereafter。

Humanarethosepunishmentsthatbeinflictedbythecommandmentofman；andareeithercorporal，orpecuniary，orignominy，orimprisonment，orexile，ormixedofthese。

Corporalpunishmentisthatwhichisinflictedonthebodydirectly，andaccordingtotheintentionofhimthatinflictethit：suchasarestripes，or