第11章

1。OfconsequencesfromtheinstitutionofCOMMONWEALTHS，totherights，anddutiesofthebodypolitic，orsovereign2。Ofconsequencesfromthesame，tothedutyandrightofthesubjectsCHAPTERX

OFPOWER，WORTH，DIGNITY，HONOURANDWORTHINESS

THEPOWERofaman，totakeituniversally，ishispresentmeanstoobtainsomefutureapparentgood，andiseitheroriginalorinstrumental。

Naturalpoweristheeminenceofthefacultiesofbody，ormind；

asextraordinarystrength，form，prudence，arts，eloquence，liberality，nobility。Instrumentalarethosepowerswhich，acquiredbythese，orbyfortune，aremeansandinstrumentstoacquiremore；asriches，reputation，friends，andthesecretworkingofGod，whichmencallgoodluck。Forthenatureofpoweris，inthispoint，liketofame，increasingasitproceeds；orlikethemotionofheavybodies，which，thefurthertheygo，makestillthemorehaste。

Thegreatestofhumanpowersisthatwhichiscompoundedofthepowersofmostmen，unitedbyconsent，inoneperson，naturalorcivil，thathastheuseofalltheirpowersdependingonhiswill；

suchasisthepowerofaCommonwealth：ordependingonthewillsofeachparticular；suchasisthepowerofafaction，orofdiverse。

factionsleagued。Thereforetohaveservantsispower；tohavefriendsispower：fortheyarestrengthsunited。

Also，richesjoinedwithliberalityispower；becauseitprocurethfriendsandservants：withoutliberality，notso；becauseinthiscasetheydefendnot，butexposementoenvy，asaprey。

Reputationofpowerispower；becauseitdrawethwithittheadherenceofthosethatneedprotection。

Soisreputationofloveofaman’scountry，calledpopularity，forthesamereason。

Also，whatqualitysoevermakethamanbelovedorfearedofmany，orthereputationofsuchquality，ispower；becauseitisameanstohavetheassistanceandserviceofmany。

Goodsuccessispower；becauseitmakethreputationofwisdomorgoodfortune，whichmakesmeneitherfearhimorrelyonhim。

Affabilityofmenalreadyinpowerisincreaseofpower；becauseitgainethlove。

Reputationofprudenceintheconductofpeaceorwarispower；

becausetoprudentmenwecommitthegovernmentofourselvesmorewillinglythantoothers。

Nobilityispower，notinallplaces，butonlyinthoseCommonwealthswhereithasprivileges；forinsuchprivilegesconsisteththeirpower。

Eloquenceispower；becauseitisseemingprudence。

Formispower；becausebeingapromiseofgood，itrecommendethmentothefavourofwomenandstrangers。

Thesciencesaresmallpowers；becausenoteminent，andtherefore，notacknowledgedinanyman；norareatall，butinafew，andinthem，butofafewthings。Forscienceisofthatnature，asnonecanunderstandittobe，butsuchasinagoodmeasurehaveattainedit。

Artsofpublicuse，asfortification，makingofengines，andotherinstrumentsofwar，becausetheyconfertodefenceandvictory，arepower；andthoughthetruemotherofthembescience，namely，themathematicsyet，becausetheyarebroughtintothelightbythehandoftheartificer，theybeesteemed(themidwifepassingwiththevulgarforthemother)ashisissue。

Thevalueorworthofamanis，asofallotherthings，hisprice；

thatistosay，somuchaswouldbegivenfortheuseofhispower，andthereforeisnotabsolute，butathingdependentontheneedandjudgementofanother。Anableconductorofsoldiersisofgreatpriceintimeofwarpresentorimminent，butinpeacenotso。A

learnedanduncorruptjudgeismuchworthintimeofpeace，butnotsomuchinwar。Andasinotherthings，soinmen，nottheseller，butthebuyerdeterminestheprice。Forletaman，asmostmendo，ratethemselvesatthehighestvaluetheycan，yettheirtruevalueisnomorethanitisesteemedbyothers。

Themanifestationofthevaluewesetononeanotheristhatwhichiscommonlycalledhonouringanddishonouring。Tovalueamanatahighrateistohonourhim；atalowrateistodishonourhim。Buthighandlow，inthiscase，istobeunderstoodbycomparisontotheratethateachmansettethonhimself。

Thepublicworthofaman，whichisthevaluesetonhimbytheCommonwealth，isthatwhichmencommonlycalldignity。AndthisvalueofhimbytheCommonwealthisunderstoodbyofficesofcommand，judicature，publicemployment；orbynamesandtitlesintroducedfordistinctionofsuchvalue。

Topraytoanotherforaidofanykindistohonour；becauseasignwehaveanopinionhehaspowertohelp；andthemoredifficulttheaidis，themoreisthehonour。

Toobeystohonour；becausenomanobeysthemwhotheythinkhavenopowertohelporhurtthem。Andconsequentlytodisobeyistodishonour。

Togivegreatgiftstoamanistohonourhim；becauseitisbuyingofprotection，andacknowledgingofpower。Togivelittlegiftsistodishonour；becauseitisbutalms，andsignifiesanopinionoftheneedofsmallhelps。

Tobesedulousinpromotinganother’sgood，alsotoflatter，istohonour；asasignweseekhisprotectionoraid。Toneglectistodishonour。

Togivewayorplacetoanother，inanycommodity，istohonour；

beingaconfessionofgreaterpower。Toarrogateistodishonour。

Toshowanysignofloveorfearofanotherishonour；forbothtoloveandtofearistovalue。Tocontemn，orlesstoloveorfearthanheexpects，istodishonour；foritisundervaluing。

Topraise，magnify，orcallhappyistohonour；becausenothingbutgoodness，power，andfelicityisvalued。Torevile，mock，orpityistodishonour。

Tospeaktoanotherwithconsideration，toappearbeforehimwithdecencyandhumility，istohonourhim；assignsoffeartooffend。Tospeaktohimrashly，todoanythingbeforehimobscenely，slovenly，impudentlyistodishonour。

Tobelieve，totrust，torelyonanother，istohonourhim；signofopinionofhisvirtueandpower。Todistrust，ornotbelieve，istodishonour。

Tohearkentoaman’scounsel，ordiscourseofwhatkindsoever，istohonour；asasignwethinkhimwise，oreloquent，orwitty。Tosleep，orgoforth，ortalkthewhile，istodishonour。

Todothosethingstoanotherwhichhetakesforsignsofhonour，orwhichthelaworcustommakesso，istohonour；becauseinapprovingthehonourdonebyothers，heacknowledgeththepowerwhichothersacknowledge。Torefusetodothemistodishonour。

Toagreewithinopinionistohonour；asbeingasignofapprovinghisjudgementandwisdom。Todissentisdishonour，andanupbraidingoferror，and，ifthedissentbeinmanythings，offolly。

Toimitateistohonour；foritisvehementlytoapprove。Toimitateone’senemyistodishonour。

Tohonourthoseanotherhonoursistohonourhim；asasignofapprobationofhisjudgement。Tohonourhisenemiesistodishonourhim。

Toemployincounsel，orinactionsofdifficulty，istohonour；

asasignofopinionofhiswisdomorotherpower。Todenyemploymentinthesamecasestothosethatseekitistodishonour。

Allthesewaysofhonouringarenatural，andaswellwithin，aswithoutCommonwealths。ButinCommonwealthswhereheortheythathavethesupremeauthoritycanmakewhatsoevertheypleasetostandforsignsofhonour，therebeotherhonours。

Asovereigndothhonourasubjectwithwhatsoevertitle，oroffice，oremployment，oractionthathehimselfwillhavetakenforasignofhiswilltohonourhim。

ThekingofPersiahonouredMordecaiwhenheappointedheshouldbeconductedthroughthestreetsintheking’sgarment，upononeoftheking’shorses，withacrownonhishead，andaprincebeforehim，proclaiming，“Thusshallitbedonetohimthatthekingwillhonour。“AndyetanotherkingofPersia，orthesameanothertime，toonethatdemandedforsomegreatservicetowearoneoftheking’srobes，gavehimleavesotodo；butwiththisaddition，thatheshouldwearitastheking’sfool；andthenitwasdishonour。Sothatofcivilhonour，thefountainisinthepersonoftheCommonwealth，anddependethonthewillofthesovereign，andisthereforetemporaryandcalledcivilhonour；suchasaremagistracy，offices，titles，andinsomeplacescoatsandscutcheonspainted：

andmenhonoursuchashavethem，ashavingsomanysignsoffavourintheCommonwealth，whichfavourispower。

Honourableiswhatsoeverpossession，action，orqualityisanargumentandsignofpower。

Andthereforetobehonoured，loved，orfearedofmanyishonourable，asargumentsofpower。Tobehonouredoffewornone，dishonourable。

Dominionandvictoryishonourablebecauseacquiredbypower；andservitude，forneedorfear，isdishonourable。

Goodfortune，iflasting，honourable；asasignofthefavourofGod。Illandlosses，dishonourable。Richesarehonourable，fortheyarepower。Poverty，dishonourable。Magnanimity，liberality，hope，courage，confidence，arehonourable；fortheyproceedfromtheconscienceofpower。Pusillanimity，parsimony，fear，diffidence，aredishonourable。

Timelyresolution，ordeterminationofwhatamanistodo，ishonourable，asbeingthecontemptofsmalldifficultiesanddangers。

Andirresolution，dishonourable，asasignoftoomuchvaluingoflittleimpedimentsandlittleadvantages：forwhenamanhasweighedthingsaslongasthetimepermits，andresolvesnot，thedifferenceofweightisbutlittle；andthereforeifheresolvenot，heovervalueslittlethings，whichispusillanimity。