第7章

Contemptoflittlehelps，andhindrances，magnanimity。

Magnanimityindangerofdeath，orwounds，valour，fortitude。

Magnanimityintheuseofriches，liberality。

Pusillanimityinthesame，wretchedness，miserableness，orparsimony，asitisliked，ordisliked。

Loveofpersonsforsociety，kindness。

Loveofpersonsforpleasingthesenseonly，naturallust。

Loveofthesameacquiredfromrumination，thatis，imaginationofpleasurepast，luxury。

Loveofonesingularly，withdesiretobesingularlybeloved，thepassionoflove。Thesame，withfearthattheloveisnotmutual，jealousy。

Desirebydoinghurttoanothertomakehimcondemnsomefactofhisown，revengefulness。

Desiretoknowwhy，andhow，curiosity；suchasisinnolivingcreaturebutman：sothatmanisdistinguished，notonlybyhisreason，butalsobythissingularpassionfromotheranimals；inwhomtheappetiteoffood，andotherpleasuresofsense，bypredominance，takeawaythecareofknowingcauses；whichisalustofthemind，thatbyaperseveranceofdelightinthecontinualandindefatigablegenerationofknowledge，exceedeththeshortvehemenceofanycarnalpleasure。

Fearofpowerinvisible，feignedbythemind，orimaginedfromtalespubliclyallowed，religion；notallowed，superstition。Andwhenthepowerimaginedistrulysuchasweimagine，truereligion。

Fearwithouttheapprehensionofwhy，orwhat，panicterror；

calledsofromthefablesthatmakePantheauthorofthem；whereasintruththereisalwaysinhimthatsofeareth，first，someapprehensionofthecause，thoughtherestrunawaybyexample；everyonesupposinghisfellowtoknowwhy。Andthereforethispassionhappenstononebutinathrong，ormultitudeofpeople。

Joyfromapprehensionofnovelty，admiration；propertoman，becauseitexcitestheappetiteofknowingthecause。

Joyarisingfromimaginationofaman’sownpowerandabilityisthatexultationofthemindwhichiscalledglorying：which，ifgroundedupontheexperienceofhisownformeractions，isthesamewithconfidence：butifgroundedontheflatteryofothers，oronlysupposedbyhimself，fordelightintheconsequencesofit，iscalledvainglory：whichnameisproperlygiven；becauseawell-groundedconfidencebegettethattempt；whereasthesupposingofpowerdoesnot，andisthereforerightlycalledvain。

Grief，fromopinionofwantofpower，iscalleddejectionofmind。

Thevainglorywhichconsistethinthefeigningorsupposingofabilitiesinourselves，whichweknowarenot，ismostincidenttoyoungmen，andnourishedbythehistoriesorfictionsofgallantpersons；andiscorrectedoftentimesbyageandemployment。

Suddengloryisthepassionwhichmakeththosegrimacescalledlaughter；andiscausedeitherbysomesuddenactoftheirownthatpleaseththem；orbytheapprehensionofsomedeformedthinginanother，bycomparisonwhereoftheysuddenlyapplaudthemselves。Anditisincidentmosttothemthatareconsciousofthefewestabilitiesinthemselves；whoareforcedtokeepthemselvesintheirownfavourbyobservingtheimperfectionsofothermen。Andthereforemuchlaughteratthedefectsofothersisasignofpusillanimity。Forofgreatmindsoneoftheproperworksistohelpandfreeothersfromscorn，andcomparethemselvesonlywiththemostable。

Onthecontrary，suddendejectionisthepassionthatcausethweeping；andiscausedbysuchaccidentsassuddenlytakeawaysomevehementhope，orsomepropoftheirpower：andtheyaremostsubjecttoitthatrelyprincipallyonhelpsexternal，suchasarewomenandchildren。Therefore，someweepforthelossoffriends；

othersfortheirunkindness；othersforthesuddenstopmadetotheirthoughtsofrevenge，byreconciliation。Butinallcases，bothlaughterandweepingaresuddenmotions，customtakingthembothaway。

Fornomanlaughsatoldjests，orweepsforanoldcalamity。

Griefforthediscoveryofsomedefectofabilityisshame，orthepassionthatdiscoverethitselfinblushing，andconsistethintheapprehensionofsomethingdishonourable；andinyoungmenisasignoftheloveofgoodreputation，andcommendable：inoldmenitisasignofthesame；butbecauseitcomestoolate，notcommendable。

Thecontemptofgoodreputationiscalledimpudence。

Griefforthecalamityofanotherispity；andarisethfromtheimaginationthatthelikecalamitymaybefallhimself；andthereforeiscalledalsocompassion，andinthephraseofthispresenttimeafellow-feeling：andthereforeforcalamityarrivingfromgreatwickedness，thebestmenhavetheleastpity；andforthesamecalamity，thosehaveleastpitythatthinkthemselvesleastobnoxioustothesame。

Contempt，orlittlesenseofthecalamityofothers，isthatwhichmencallcruelty；proceedingfromsecurityoftheirownfortune。

For，thatanymanshouldtakepleasureinothermen’sgreatharms，withoutotherendofhisown，Idonotconceiveitpossible。

Griefforthesuccessofacompetitorinwealth，honour，orothergood，ifitbejoinedwithendeavourtoenforceourownabilitiestoequalorexceedhim，iscalledemulation：butjoinedwithendeavourtosupplantorhinderacompetitor，envy。

Wheninthemindofmanappetitesandaversions，hopesandfears，concerningoneandthesamething，arisealternately；anddiversegoodandevilconsequencesofthedoingoromittingthethingpropoundedcomesuccessivelyintoourthoughts；sothatsometimeswehaveanappetitetoit，sometimesanaversionfromit；sometimeshopetobeabletodoit，sometimesdespair，orfeartoattemptit；thewholesumofdesires，aversions，hopesandfears，continuedtillthethingbeeitherdone，orthoughtimpossible，isthatwecalldeliberation。

Thereforeofthingspastthereisnodeliberation，becausemanifestlyimpossibletobechanged；norofthingsknowntobeimpossible，orthoughtso；becausemenknoworthinksuchdeliberationvain。Butofthingsimpossible，whichwethinkpossible，wemaydeliberate，notknowingitisinvain。Anditiscalleddeliberation；becauseitisaputtinganendtothelibertywehadofdoing，oromitting，accordingtoourownappetite，oraversion。

Thisalternatesuccessionofappetites，aversions，hopesandfearsisnolessinotherlivingcreaturesthaninman；andthereforebeastsalsodeliberate。

Everydeliberationisthensaidtoendwhenthatwhereoftheydeliberateiseitherdoneorthoughtimpossible；becausetillthenweretainthelibertyofdoing，oromitting，accordingtoourappetite，oraversion。

Indeliberation，thelastappetite，oraversion，immediatelyadheringtotheaction，ortotheomissionthereof，isthatwecallthewill；theact，notthefaculty，ofwilling。Andbeaststhathavedeliberationmustnecessarilyalsohavewill。Thedefinitionofthewill，givencommonlybytheSchools，thatitisarationalappetite，isnotgood。Forifitwere，thencouldtherebenovoluntaryactagainstreason。Foravoluntaryactisthatwhichproceedethfromthewill，andnoother。Butifinsteadofarationalappetite，weshallsayanappetiteresultingfromaprecedentdeliberation，thenthedefinitionisthesamethatIhavegivenhere。Will，therefore，isthelastappetiteindeliberating。Andthoughwesayincommondiscourse，amanhadawilloncetodoathing，thatneverthelessheforboretodo；yetthatisproperlybutaninclination，whichmakesnoactionvoluntary；becausetheactiondependsnotofit，butofthelastinclination，orappetite。Foriftheintervenientappetitesmakeanyactionvoluntary，thenbythesamereasonallintervenientaversionsshouldmakethesameactioninvoluntary；andsooneandthesameactionshouldbebothvoluntaryandinvoluntary。

Bythisitismanifestthat，notonlyactionsthathavetheirbeginningfromcovetousness，ambition，lust，orotherappetitestothethingpropounded，butalsothosethathavetheirbeginningfromaversion，orfearofthoseconsequencesthatfollowtheomission，arevoluntaryactions。

Theformsofspeechbywhichthepassionsareexpressedarepartlythesameandpartlydifferentfromthosebywhichweexpressourthoughts。Andfirstgenerallyallpassionsmaybeexpressedindicatively；as，Ilove，Ifear，Ijoy，Ideliberate，Iwill，I

command：butsomeofthemhaveparticularexpressionsbythemselves，whichneverthelessarenotaffirmations，unlessitbewhentheyservetomakeotherinferencesbesidesthatofthepassiontheyproceedfrom。Deliberationisexpressedsubjunctively；whichisaspeechpropertosignifysuppositions，withtheirconsequences；as，Ifthisbedone，thenthiswillfollow；anddiffersnotfromthelanguageofreasoning，savethatreasoningisingeneralwords，butdeliberationforthemostpartisofparticulars。Thelanguageofdesire，andaversion，isimperative；as，Dothis，forbearthat；

whichwhenthepartyisobligedtodo，orforbear，iscommand；

otherwiseprayer；orelsecounsel。Thelanguageofvainglory，ofindignation，pityandrevengefulness，optative：butofthedesiretoknow，thereisapeculiarexpressioncalledinterrogative；as，Whatisit，whenshallit，howisitdone，andwhyso？OtherlanguageofthepassionsIfindnone：forcursing，swearing，reviling，andthelikedonotsignifyasspeech，butastheactionsofatongueaccustomed。

Theseformsofspeech，Isay，areexpressionsorvoluntarysignificationsofourpassions：butcertainsignstheybenot；becausetheymaybeusedarbitrarily，whethertheythatusethemhavesuchpassionsornot。Thebestsignsofpassionspresentareeitherinthecountenance，motionsofthebody，actions，andends，oraims，whichweotherwiseknowthemantohave。

Andbecauseindeliberationtheappetitesandaversionsareraisedbyforesightofthegoodandevilconsequences，andsequelsoftheactionwhereofwedeliberate，thegoodorevileffectthereofdependethontheforesightofalongchainofconsequences，ofwhichveryseldomanymanisabletoseetotheend。Butforsofarasamanseeth，ifthegoodinthoseconsequencesbegreaterthantheevil，thewholechainisthatwhichwriterscallapparentorseeminggood。Andcontrarily，whentheevilexceedeththegood，thewholeisapparentorseemingevil：sothathewhohathbyexperience，orreason，thegreatestandsurestprospectofconsequences，deliberatesbesthimself；andisable，whenhewill，togivethebestcounseluntoothers。