第77章

Iamnotnowconcernedtocriticiseit，——mypointisthatifweacceptthisviewofFreedomatall，itmustobviouslybeNeutralFreedom:itmustexpresstherelationofanoü；menonthatmanifestsitselfasascoundreltoaseriesofbadvolitions，inwhichthemorallawisviolated，nolessthantherelationofanoü；menonthatmanifestsitselfasasainttogoodorrationalvolitions，inwhichthemorallaworcategoricalimperativeisobeyed。And，asIbeforesaid，Kantinthispassage——beingespeciallyconcernedtoexplainthepossibilityofmoralimputation，andjustifythejudicialsentencesofconsciencespeciallytakesashisillustrationsnoü；menathatexhibitbadphenomena。Thequestionheexpresslyraisesis``Howamanwhocommitsatheft’’can``becalledquitefree’’atthemomentofcommittingit？andanswersthatitisinvirtueofhis``transcendentalfreedom’’that``therationalbeingcanjustlysayofeveryunlawfulactionthatheperformsthathecouldverywellhaveleftitundone’’，althoughasphenomenonitisdeterminedbyantecedents，andsonecessary；

``forit，withallthepastwhichdeterminesit，belongstotheonesinglephenomenonofhischaracterwhichhemakesforhimself，inconsequenceofwhichheimputestohimself’’thebadactionsthatresultnecessarilyfromhisbadcharactertakeninconjunctionwithothercauses。Hence，howeverhemayaccountforhiserrorfrombadhabitswhichhehasallowedtogrowonhim，whateverarthemayusetopainttohimselfanunlawfulactheremembersassomethinginwhichhewascarriedawaybythestreamofphysicalnecessity，thiscannotprotecthimfromself-reproach:——notevenifhehaveshowndepravitysoearlythathemayreasonablybethoughttohavebeenborninamorallyhopelesscondition——hewillstillberightlyjudged，andwilljudgehimself``justasresponsibleasanyotherman’’:sinceinrelationtohisnoü；menalselfhislifeasawhole，fromfirsttolast，istoberegardedasasinglephenomenonresultingfromanabsolutelyfreechoice。

Ineednotlabourthispointfurther；itisevidentthatthenecessitiesofKant’smetaphysicalexplanationofmoralresponsibilitymakehimexpresswithpeculiaremphasisandfulnessthenotionofwhatIhavecalledNeutralFreedom，akindofcausalitymanifestedinbadandirrationalvolitionsnolessthaninthegoodandrational。

Ontheotherhand，itisnolesseasytofindpassagesinwhichthetermFreedomseemstomemostdistinctlytostandforGoodorRationalFreedom。Indeed，suchpassagesare，Ithink，morefrequentthanthoseinwhichtheothermeaningisplainlyrequired。Thus，hetellsusthat``afreewillmustfinditsprincipleofdeterminationinthe[moral]`Law’’’，[3]andthat``freedom，whosecausalitycanbedeterminedonlybythelaw，consistsjustinthis，thatitrestrictsallinclinationsbytheconditionofobediencetopurelaw’’。[4]Whereas，intheargumentpreviouslyexamined，hiswholeeffortwastoprovethatthenoü；menonorsupersensiblebeing，ofwhicheachvolitionisaphenomenon，exercises``freecausality’’inunlawfulacts，hetellsuselsewhere，inthesa