第56章

Inthefirstplace，ithastobedecidedwhetherwearetoincludeinourlistofmotivestheMoralSentiments，orimpulsestowardsparticularkindsofvirtuousconductassuch，e。g。Candour，Veracity，Fortitude。Itseemsunwarrantabletoexcludethem，assuchsentimentsareobservableasdistinctandindependentimpulsesinmostwell-trainedminds，andwesometimesrecognisetheirexistenceinconsiderableintensity，aswhenwespeakofamanbeing`enthusiasticallybrave’，or`intenselyveracious’，oras`havingapassionforjustice’。

Atthesametimetheiradmissionplacesusinthefollowingdilemma。Eithertheobjectsoftheseimpulsesarerepresentedbytheverynotionsthatwehavebeenexamining——inwhichcase，afterwehavedecidedthatanyimpulseisbetterthanitsrival，alltheperplexitiessetforthinthepreviouschapterswillrecur，beforewecanactonourdecision；forwhatavailsittorecognisethesuperiorityoftheimpulsetodojustice，ifwedonotknowwhatitisjusttodo？——orifinanycasetheobjectwhichamoralsentimentpromptsustorealiseisconceivedmoresimply，withoutthequalificationswhichacompletereflectiononCommonSenseforcedustorecognise；then，asthepreviousinvestigationshows，weshallcertainlynotfindagreementastotherelationbetweenthisandotherimpulses。

Forexample，adispute，whethertheimpulsetospeakthetruthoughtoroughtnottobefollowed，willinevitablyarisewhenVeracityseemsopposedeithertothegeneralgood，ortotheinterestsofsomeparticularperson；

thatis，whenitconflictswith`particular’or`universal’benevolence。

Hutchesonexpresslyplacestheselatterimpulsesinahigherrankthan``candour，veracity，fortitude’’；reservingthehighestmoralapprobationfor``themostextensivebenevolence’’or``calm，stable，universalgoodwilltoall’’。[1]Butthisview，whichcoincidespracticallywithUtilitarianism，wouldcertainlybedisputedbymostIntuitionalmoralists。Again，someofthesemoralists(asKant)regardallactionsasbad——ornotgood——whicharenotdonefrompureregardfordutyorchoiceofRightasRight:whileHutcheson，whorepresentstheoppositepoleofIntuitionalEthics，equallydistinguishestheloveofVirtueasaseparateimpulse；buttreatsitasatonceco-ordinateinrankandcoincidentinitseffectswithuniversalBenevolence。

So，again，moralistsdivergewidelyinestimatingtheethicalvalueofSelf-love。

ForButlerseemstoregarditasoneoftwosuperiorandnaturallyauthoritativeimpulses，theotherbeingConscience:nay，inapassagebeforequoted，heevenconcedesthatitwouldbereasonableforConsciencetoyieldtoit，ifthetwocouldpossiblyconflict。Othermoralists(andButlerelsewhere)

appeartoplaceSelf-loveamongvirtuousimpulsesunderthenameofPrudence:

thoughamongthesetheyoftenrankitratherlow，andwouldhaveityieldincaseofconflict，tonoblervirtues。Others，again，excludeitfromVirtuealtogether:e。g。Kant，inoneofhistreatises，saysthattheendofSelf-love，one’sownhappiness，cannotbeanendfortheMoralReason；thattheforceofthereasonablewill，inwhichVirtueconsists，isalwaysexhibitedinresistancetonaturalegoisticimpulses。

Dr。Martineau，whosesystemisframedonthebasisthatIamnowexamining，attemptstoavoidsomeofthedifficultiesjustpointedoutbyrefusingtoadmittheexistenceofanyvirtuousimpulsesexceptthe``preferenceforthesuperiorofthecompetingspringsofactionineachcase’’ofaconflictofmotives。``I

cannotadmit’’，hesays，``eitherthelovesofVirtues——ofcandour，veracity，fortitude——orthevirtuesthemselves，assomanyadditionalimpulsesoverandabovethosefromtheconflictofwhichtheyareformed。

Idonotconfessmyfaultinordertobecandid？unlessIamaprig，Ineverthinkofcandour，aspredicable，orgoingtobepredicable，ofmeatall。’’[4]Iamnot，however，surewhetherDr。MartineaureallymeanstodenytheexistenceofpersonswhoactfromaconsciousdesiretorealiseanidealofCandourorFortitude，orwhetherhemerelymeanstoexpressdisapprovalofsuchpersons:intheformersensehisstatementseemstomeapsychologicalparadox，inconflictwithordinaryexperience:inthelattersenseitseemsanethicalparadox，affordingastrikingexampleofthatdiversityofjudgmentsastotherankofmotives，towhichIamnowdrawingattention。

ButevenifweputoutofsighttheMoralsentimentsandSelf-love，itisstillscarcelypossibletoframeascaleofmotivesarrangedinorderofmerit，forwhichwecouldclaimanythinglikeaclearconsent，evenofcultivatedandthoughtfulpersons。Ononeortwopoints，indeed，weseemtobegenerallyagreed；e。g。thatthebodilyappetitesareinferiortothebenevolentaffectionsandtheintellectualdesires；andperhapsthatimpul