第66章

CarlylethereforewasessentiallyprotestingagainstthemechanicaldoctrinesembodiedinUtilitarianism。Buthesawthehopelessnessofmeetingtheattackintheold-fashionedarmouroftheology。Thedogmasofthechurchesweredead，beyondallhopesofresuscitation。TheverseinPastandPresentgiveshisview：

’ThebuilderoftheUniversewaswise，Heplannedallsouls，allsystems，planets，particles；

TheplanHeshapedallworldsandaeonsby，Was——Heavens！——wasthysmallnine-and-thirtyArticles。’(190*)

Anearlierversionoftheselinesspeaksofthe’logicofMaurice，’whohadcharacteristicallyprovedthatthearticleswereacharterofreligiousliberty。(191*)Carlylerejectedformulas。TheMauricianrehabilitationledtomerecant。LikeMaurice，hewasinprincipleamystic，andholdsthatmysticismmaybetakeninatruesense，(192*)inwhichitseemstobemuchthesamewithanIdealistascontrastedwithamaterialistdoctrine。WhenhefirstmadeMill’sacquaintance，itwasundertheerroneousimpressionthatMilltoowasamystic。(193*)

IhavespokenofCarlyle’spersonalrelationstoMill。HisjudgmentoftheUtilitariansgenerallyissignificant。FroudepublishessomeentriesfromCarlyle’sjournalof1829-30，atimewhentheprophetwasonlypreludinghisfullerutterances。(194*)

TheUtilitarians，heholds，exhibittendenciesspreadoverthewholeintellectandmoralsofthetime。Utilitarianismmustcollapse，becausethereasonwilltriumphoverthesenses，andtheangelatlastprevailoverthebrute。Themoralnatureofmanisdeeperthantheintellectual；thesignificanceofChrist，hesays，isaltogethermoral，andthesignificanceofBentham’altogetherintellectual，logical。’Wherelogicistheonlymethod，theresultingsystemcanbeonlymechanical。’Alas！poorEngland！Stupid，purblind，pudding-eatingEngland，’BenthamwithhisMills(195*)grinding’theeoutmorality——andsomeMacaulay，alsobe-apronedandagrinder，testinganddecryingit。’ThementionofMacaulayremindshimthattheUtilitarianshavearelativemerit。’Theyhavelogicalmachinery，’anddogrind’fiercelyandpotentlyontheirownfoundation，whereastheWhigshavenofoundation。TheWhigsareamateurs，theradicalsareguild-brethren。’(196*)Thepublicutterancesareversionsofthesamedoctrines。InSartorResartusTeufelsdr鯿khwouldconsentthatthe’monsterUtilitaria’shouldtrampledownpalacesandtemples’withherbroadhoof，’thatnewandbettermightbebuilt。(197*)SointheHero-Worship(198*)hecalls’thisgrosssteam-engineUtilitarianism’anapproachtowardsanewfaith。Itisatleasta’layingdownofcant，’anhonestacceptanceofthebeliefinmechanism：’Benthamismisaneyelessheroism；thehumanspecies，likeahaplessblindedSamson，grindinginthePhilistinemill，claspsconvulsivelythepillarsofitsmill，bringshugeruindown，butultimatelydeliverancewithal。OfBenthamImeanttosaynoharm。’InlateryearsCarlyleinsistsmoreemphaticallyuponthebadsideofUtilitarianism。Hehadgrownmorebitter，andwasmorealienatedpersonally。IntheChartism(1839)heattacksthe’ParalyticRadicalism’——

paralyticbeingsubstitutedfor’philosophical’whichhassoundedstatisticallya’seaoftroubles’aroundus，andconcludedthatnothingistobedonebuttolookon。ParalyticRadicalism，accordingly，is’oneofthemostafflictivephenomenathemindofmancanbecalledupontocontemplate！’(199*)Thesummaryofhislaterviewisgiveninthefamoussummaryofthe’PigPhilosophy’

intheLatter-dayPamphlets。Theuniverseisregardedasan’immeasurableswine’strough，’andtheconsequencesdeducedinakindofSwiftiancatechism。(200*)Utilitarianismmeansmeresensualism。Carlyle’sinterpretation，trueorfalse，reducestheissuetothesimplestterms。Willyouacceptthemechanicalorthemysticalview？Carlyle’smetaphysicalleaningsweretosomeformsoftranscendentalidealism。Timeandspace，ashesaysintheSartorResartus，arethecanvasonwhichourlife-visionsarepainted。Theyaremysterious’world-embracingphantoms，’toberentasunderbytheseerwhowouldpiercetotheHolyofHolies。

Theyareillusions，thoughwhileweareonearthwetryinvaintostripthemoff。Menarespirits；theearthbutavision。Weissuefromandfallbackintomystery。’Wearesuchstuff，’inhisfavouritequotation，’

Asdreamsaremadeof，andourlittleLifeIsroundedwithasleep。’(201*)

Thisispoetryratherthanphilosophy；andthoughthethoughtisalwayspresenttoCarlyleandconstitutesonesecretofhismostpowerfulpassages，itwouldbeimpossibletograspitasalogicaltheoryorimprisonitinanyformulawhatever。Allsystemsandformulasaresuspicioustohim。Heisa’seer’whonotonlydoesnotrequireanylogicalapparatus，butholdsthattorequireoneistogiveupthepoint。Itisthesenseoftheephemeralnatureofman，ofhissuspensioninthem