第55章

Buckle，Isaid，sharedtheerroroftheUtilitarianswhoassumedmoralprogresstoconsist，notinachangedestimateofhappiness，butsimplyinabetterknowledgeofthemeansofattainingit。Buckle’sidentificationofprogresswithincreaseofknowledgeinvolved，Isaid，thesameerror。Thechangeisregardedassuperficialor’external’。Meanwhilemyargument，whichMrRobertsonattacks，aboutthefallacyofarguingfromthefixedenvironmenttothevaryingorganismappliedtosuchcasesastheinferencefromearthquakestosuperstitionorfromclimatetoaesthetictendencies。Suchageneralisation，takenasanexplanationofsuperstition，generallyimplies，asIheld，aninadequateappreciationofthesocialormoralevolution。PerhapsIdidnotputthepointclearlyoraccurately，and，ifso，I

regretit。

39。PhilosophiePositive，1852，i，44，andcp。Ibid。iv。648，etc。

40。MrHerbertSpencerraisesthisquestioninacriticismofComte，containedinapamphletuponthe’ClassificationoftheSciences。’SeeMill’sremarksuponthisinhisAugusteComteandPositivism，pp。34，43，102，114。ThecontroversybetweenMrSpencerandComteliesbeyondmyprovince。

41。Civilisation，p。152。

42。Ibid。pp。160-63。

43。Civilisation，p。206。

44。Civilisation，p。209。

45。Ibid。p。354。

46。Essays(1889)，ii，422。(EssayonBuckle，reprintedfromWestminsterReviewof1857。)

47。Civilisation，i。197。

48。Civilisation，ii。9。

49。OnthispointMrRobertsonvirtuallyagreeswithme，thoughheattacheslessimportancetoit。

50。Civilisation，i。185。

51。Civilisation，p。235。

52。Civilisation，pp。248，283，289，306。Heoccasionallyadmitsthatthechurchprotectedthepoorandwasusefulinitstime。

ibid，pp。462，559。

53。Civilisation，i。213。

54。Ibid。i。257。

55。Civilisation，i。264。

56。Ibid。ii。274。

57。Ibid。ii。145，146。

58。Ibid。i。729。

59。Civilisation，i。563。

ChapterVI

PhilosophyI。Mill’sOpponentsMill’slogicembodiesthecardinalprinciplesofhisphilosophy。Theprinciplesimpliedthatlittleofwhatiscalledphilosophycouldbevalid。Millnecessarilyheldthatmanyofthemostpretentiousspeculationswere，inreality，nothingbutwords；cobwebsofthebraintobesweptintothedustbin，finally，thoughpolitely，bythegenuinethinkers。Hisviewoftheconsequencestotheologyandreligioncouldforalongtimebeinferredonlyfromincidentalremarks。Graduallyhecametothinkthatthereticencewasundesirable，andhadgivenhisfinalconclusionsintheEssays，whichwerepublishedafterhisdeath。

ThephilosophicalpositionwhichunderliesthemismostclearlyexhibitedinhisExaminationofHamilton(1865)。(1*)ThisincludedacriticismofMansel’sapplicationofHamilton’smetaphysicaldoctrinestotheology。Mansel’sdoctrine，statedintheBamptonLecturesof1858，hadprovokedsomesharpandmany-sidedcontroversies。HedefendedhimselfagainstMill’scriticism。Otherwritersjoinedthefray，andinonewayorotheraperplexingsetofintellectualencountersresulted。TheleadingchampionswereMill，representingthepureUtilitariantradition，Mansel，whorepresentedthefinaloutcomeofwhatMillcalled’intuitionism，’andF。D。Maurice，whomaybebrieflycalledtheintellectualheirofColeridge；whileanotherlineofinferencewasrepresentedbyMr。HerbertSpencer’sFirstPrinciples。Manyoftheargumentshavealreadyastrangelyobsoletesound；buttheymayservetoillustratethe