John Stuart Mill

第10章

Ontheotherhand,hehasinthehighestdegreethepowerofsingle-mindeddevotion,whichispre-eminently,thoughnotexclusively,afemininequality。Hisintellectfittedhimforabstractspeculation,ratherthanforimmediatepracticalapplications。Buthewasfromhisyouthupwardsdevotedtothespreadofprincipleswhichheheldtobeessentialtohumanhappiness。Nophilanthropistorreligiousteachercouldlabourmoreenergeticallyandunremittinglyforthegoodofmankind。Heneverforgetsthebearingofhisspeculationsuponthisultimateend。Whateverhislimitations,hebroughtthewholeenergyofasingularlyclear,comprehensive,andcandidintellecttobearuponthegreatestproblemsofhistime;andworkedatthemwithunflaggingindustryformanyyears。Hewaseminentlyqualifiedtobringoutthereallystrongpointsofhiscreed;whilehisperfectintellectualhonestyforcedhimfranklytodisplayitsweakerside。ThroughMillEnglishUtilitarianismgavethefullestaccountofitsmethodanditspresuppositions。Insummarisinghiswork,ImustdwelllessthanIhavehithertodoneuponsurroundingconditions;andtakehisbooks,nearlyintheorderofpublication,asrepresentingthefinaloutcomeofUtilitarianism。HevirtuallyanswersintheLogicthequestion,whataretheultimateprinciplesbywhichtheUtilitarianshadmoreorlessunconsciouslybeenguided。Ishallfirstdealwiththis。IshallthentakehisPoliticalEconomy,asshowinghowtheseprinciplesappliedtosociology,whichought,uponhisshowing,tobethecrowningscience。ThenIshalltakethepoliticalspeculations,whichareafurtherapplicationofthesameprinciples;and,finally,dealwithhisviewsinethicsandinphilosophygenerally。

NOTES:

1。Mill’sAutobiography(1873)isthemainauthority。ProfessorBain’sJohnStuartMill:aCriticismwithPersonalRecollections(1882),isanecessarysupplement,andgivesanexcellentsummary。ThemostinterestinglaterpublicationsarethecorrespondencewithGustaved’Eichthal(1898)andthecorrespondencewithComte。Comte’sletterswerepublishedbythePositivistSocietyin1877,andthewholeeditedbyM。L関y-Bruhlin1899。TheMemoriesofOldFriends,byCarolineFox(1882),givessomeinterestingaccountsofMill’sconversationin1840,etc。

2。Bentham’sWorks,x,472。

3。Cf。letterof30thJuly,1819inBain’sJ。S。Mill,pp。6to9。

4。GiveninDictionaryofNationalBiography。

5。Autobiography,p。52。

6。Autobiography,p。30。

7。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。84。

8。Mill’sAutobiography,p。43;Bain’sJamesMill,p。90。

9。Autobiography,p。58。

10。Milldoesnotheremakeespecialreferencetohisfather,ofwhom,however,hehadsaidbeforethathesharedtheordinaryEnglishweaknessofstarvingthefeelingsfromdislikeofexpressingthem。OnewouldbeinclinedtoguessthatJamesMillexaggeratedratherthansharedthatfeeling。

11。Autobiography,p。108。

12。Autobiography,p。66。

13。ItwasnotnecessaryatthistimeforanundergraduatetosigntheThirty-nineArticlesasBainsupposes。From1773agraduatehadtomakethedeclarationthathewasa’bonafidememberofthechurchofEngland,’whateverthatmaymean,butanyonemightbeamemberoftheUniversityandpasstheexaminations。Sylvester,forexample,thoughaJew,wassecondwranglerin1837。

14。Dissertations,i。193。

15。Thenamesoonbecamepopular。Southey,writingtoHenryTaylor(12thApril,1827),callthem’Futilitarians’(LifeandCorrespondence)。Taylorwasonfriendlytermswiththeset,andgivessomeaccountofthemandthelaterdebatingsociety。SeeAutobiography,i。77-95;andCorrespondence,pp。30,72。

16。Aboutthisperiod,Mill,thenagedseventeenoreighteen,tookpartwithsomefriendsindistributingapamphletcalled’WhatisLove?’advocatingwhatarenowcalledNeo-Malthusianprinciples。Thepoliceinterferred,andsomescandalwascaused。

Anallusiontothisperformance——whichshowsMill’senthusiasmandhonesty,ifnothisdiscretion——appearedinanarticlebyAbrahamHaywarduponMill’sdeath。HaywardwasattackedbyW。D。

Christieinanindignantpamphlet,whichgivesasufficientstatementofthefacts。SeeCobden’sPoliticalWorks,vi,421

(August1824),forareferencetothisaffair。

17。BainthinksthatJ。S。MillwrotethearticleintheReviewupontheCarlileprosecutioninJuly1824。Icannotadmitthisopinion。Ifso,Millwasamorecapablejournalistthantheotherarticleswouldimply。But——apartfromquestionsofstyle——I

cannotthingthatMillwouldhavegoneoutofhiswaytoavowabeliefinChristianity,asisdonebythewriterofthearticle。

18。InthecollectiveeditionofBentham’sWorksthetreatiseoccupiesabout900double-columnpagesofsome500wordstoacolumn。If500daysweregiventothetask,thiswouldmeananaverageoutputof1500wordsaday。

19。Autobiography,p。133。

20。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,pp。43,45,90,95。

21。D’Eichthal,Correspondence,p。30。

22。D’Eichthal,Correspondence,p。147。TheStSimoniansexcitedsomeinterestinEnglandatthetime,See,e。g。,Carlyle’sSartorResartus,bookii,ch。12。Carlyle’sCorrespondencewithGoethe,214,226,258;Tennyson’sLife,i。99。Todhunter’sWhewell,i。

240;Holder’sShaftesbury,i。126。Shaftesbury’snoticewascalledtoStSimonianismbySouthey,whowroteanarticleuponitintheQuarterlyforJuly1831——amereshriekofalarm。

23。Autobiography,p。168。

24。SevenarticlesappearedfromJanuarytoMay1831。AsMillsaysinhisAutobiography,(p。175)theyare’lumberinginstyle’

andofnogreatinterestinsubstance,exceptasshowingtheStSimonianinfluence。

25。CorrespondencewithComte,p。169-70。

26。Autobiography,p。198。

27。Autobiography,pp。199,206,220;Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。58。

MillatfirstsupervisedratherthaneditedtheReview。Hissub-editorswereThomasFalconerandafterwardsJohnRobertson。

28。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。160(quotationfromFonblanque)。Seealsopp。56,82。

29。Autobiography,pp。114-17。

30。SeearticlesinWestminsterReview,Oct。1837,’PartiesandtheMinistry’;Jan。1838,’RadicalisminCanada’;April1839,’ReorganisationoftheRadicalparty。’

31。’PartiesandtheMinistry’。

32。’MinistersandParties’。

33。’ClaimsofLabour’inDissertationsii。192。

34。August1838,andMarch1840。

35。Browningbelievedthathehadwrittenin1833areviewofPaulineforTait’sMagazine,where,however,itwassupplantedbyalessfavourablenotice——MrsOrr’sLifeofBrowning,p。59。

36。Autobiography,p。217。

37。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。59。

38。Autobiography,p。191。

39。Froude’sCarlyle,FirstFortyYears,ii。360。Thelettersareinexistencebuthavenotbeenpublished。MrA。Carlylehaskindlyallowedmetoreadthem。

40。’NegroQuestion’inFraser’sMagazine,Feb。1849。

41。Afriendlymessage,astheCarlylelettersshow,passedbetweenthemin1869。

42。Autobiography,pp。175-76。

43。A’drysalter’or’wholesaledruggistinMarkLane’,accordingtoBain,164n。

44。Autobiography,p。185。

45。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。172。

46。Leader’sRoebuck,p。39;andMill’sAutobiography,p。150。

47。Autobiography,p。227。

48。Autobiography,pp。122,159,181,209,221。

49。Logic,bk。vi。ch。v。sec。4。

50。Bain’sJ。S。Mill,p。70。TherewasareviewofComtebyBrewsterintheEdinburghReviewforAugust1838。G。H。LewesspokefavourablyofComte(towhomhehadbeenpersonallyintroducedbyMill)inanarticleupon’ModernFrenchPhilosophy’

intheForeignQuarterlyin1843。HislateraccountsofComteintheBiographicalHistoryofPhilosophy(1stedition,1845-46),andinletterspublishedintheLeaderin1852,andafterwardscollectedasComte’sPhilosophyoftheSciencesarealsonoticeable。MissMartineau’sabridgedtranslationappearedin1853。

51。Correspondence,pp。2,3。

52。Ibid。,p。29,cf。414。

53。Ibid。,p。77。

54。Ibid。p。135。

55。Correspondence,p。273。

56。Ibid。,p。206。

57。Correspondence,p。402。

58。SeeBain’sJ。S。Mill,p。72,foranaccountofthechanges。

59。Autobiography,p。235。Mil,aswehaveseen,spokeofthePoliticalEconomytoComteinApril1844。Possibly,therefore,somepreparationmayhavebeenmadeforitintheintervalbeforetheautumnof1845。

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