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141。HequalifiesthistosomeextentintheLiberty。Thestateshouldenforceeducationandpayforit,butnotprovideschools。
Thelineishardtodraw。
142。SeeespeciallyPoliticalEconomy,p。585(bk。v。ch。xi。
section14)。
143。PoliticalEconomy,p。138(bk。ii。ch。ii。section4)。
144。Ibid。p。61(bk。i。ch。vi。section3)。
145。PoliticalEconomy,p。581(bk。v。ch。xi。section12)。
146。J。S。Mill’sAnsichtenuberdieSocialeFrage,etc。(1866)。
147。FortnightlyReviewforFebruary1879。
148。PoliticalEconomy(firstedition)i。252-53。
149。Autobiography,p。246。
150。PoliticalEconomy,p。123(bk。ii。ch。i。section1)。
151。Dissertations,iv。59。
152。Ibid。iv。240。
153。LeadingPrinciples,p。333。
154。Dissertations,iv。263。
155。Ibid。iv。285。
156。Ibid。iv。274。
157。Ibid。iv。269。
158。Ibid。iv。60。ThewholedoctrinethatthesanctityofpropertydependsuponthemodeofacquisitionbyremoteproprietorsseemstobescarcelyreconcilablewithsoundUtilitarianism。
159。AftergivingAdamSmith’sfamousaccountofthecausesofthevaryingratesofwages,Millpointsout’aclassofconsiderations’toomuchneglectedbyhispredecessors:cases,namely,inwhichunskilledlabourersareinsufficientlypaid;andremarksthatthereisalmosta’hereditarydistinctionofcaste。’——
PoliticalEconomy,p。238(bk。ii。ch。xiv。section2)。
160。PoliticalEconomy,p。456(bk。iv。ch。vii。section1)。
161。Ibid。p。129(bk。ii。ch。i。section3)。
162。’OntheDefinitionofPoliticalEconomy,andontheMethodofInvestigationpropertoit。’ReprintedinUnsettledQuestions,andquotedintheLogic,p。288(bk。vi。ch。ix。section3)。
163。UnsettledQuestions,p。143。
164。Autobiography,p。210。
165。See,e。g。,Comte’sPhilosophiePositive,iv。266-78。ThefourthvolumeofComtedisappointedMill,ashesays;andthisprobablyexplainsonereason。
166。Logic,p。590(bk。vi。ch。ix。section4)。
167。UnsettledQuestions,p。148。
168。Ibid。pp。137-50。
169。MillmakesthisremarkhimselfinwritingtoComteaboutphrenology。
ChapterIV
PoliticsandEthicsI。Mill’sProblemInthePoliticalEconomyMillhadtoucheduponcertainethicalandpoliticalquestions。Theseareexplicitlytreatedinalatergroupofworks。ThefirstandmostimportantwastheessayuponLiberty(1859)。Ihavealreadyspokenoftheelaboratecompositionofthis,hismostcarefullywrittentreatise。(1*)Thebook,welcomedbymanyevenofhisopponents,containsalsothecleareststatementofhismostcharacteristicdoctrine。ThetreatisesonRepresentativeGovernment(1861),upontheSubjectionofWomen(writtenatthesametime,butnotpublishedtill1869),anduponUtilitarianism(inFraser’sMagazine,1861,andasabookin1863),arecloselyconnectedwiththeLiberty,andtogethergivewhatmaybecalledhistheoryofconduct。(2*)I
shalltrytobringouttheirleadingprinciples。
TheLiberty,saysMill,couldhavenoclaimtooriginalityexceptinsofarasthoughtswhicharealreadycommonpropertyreceiveaspecialimpresswhenutteredbyathoughtfulmind。
Hymnstoliberty,indeed,havebeensungsolongandsopersistentlythatthesubjectoughttohavebeenexhausted。Theadmissionthatlibertycanbeinanycaseanevilisgenerallyevadedbyadeviceoftouchingsimplicity。Liberty,whenbad,isnotcalledliberty。’Licence,theymean,’asMiltonputsit,’whentheycryliberty。’Benthamexposesthesophistryveryneatlyasacaseof’sham-distinctions’inthebookof’Fallacies。’(3*)
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