第23章

91。Somewriters，especiallyG。H。Lewes，havetriedtomaintainthatthestatementoftheuniformityofNatureisan’identicalproposition。’Theattemptisunsatisfactory，andcertainlydoesnotseemtohavefoundfavourwithlaterwriters；but，thoughI

amunabletodiscussthequestion，Iwillsuggestthatitseemstoindicatetheidealresultofreasoning。Weassumethat，ifourknowledgewerecomplete，wecouldstateallthelawsofactionandreactionofanyelementasnecessaryconsequencesofitsprimitiveconstitution，aswecandeduceallthepropertiesofnumberandspacefromprimaryprinciples。Thoughwecanneverattainsuchaconsummation，wecanrejectanytheorywhichcontradictsit，and，therefore，suchdoctrinesasthe’pluralityofcauses，’whichcometosupposingthatanidenticalprocessmaybeanalysedintwoinconsistentways。

92。E。g。，byMrF。H。BradleyinhisPrinciplesofLogic(1883)，pp。329-42。DrVenn，whoismuchmorefavourabletoMill，discussestheminhisEmpiricalorInductiveLogic(1889)，pp。

400-31，showsveryclearlyhowtheyassumewhathecallsthe’popular’，asdistinguishedfromthe’rigidlyscientific’，viewofcausation。Elsewhere(p。58)heremarksthatthepopularmightbecalledthe’Brown-Herschel-Millview，’asthosewriterspopularisedthedoctrinefirstclearlysetforthbyHume。SeealsoSigwart’sLogik(1889)，ii。469-500。

93。Logic，p。284(bk。iii。ch。ix。section6)。

94。Sigwart’sLogik(1889)ii。461。

95。Herschel’sDiscoursefirstappearedin1830asthefirstvolumeofLardner’sCabinetCyclopaedia。The’fourmethods’arenoticed，asMillstates，thoughwithcomparativevagueness，inchap。vioftheDiscourse。JevonsprefersthestatementtoMill’s。Whewellmakestheobviousremark(PhilosophyofDiscovery，p。284)thatthefourmethodsresemblesomeofBacon’sPraerogativeInstantiarum。

96。ForWhewell，seetheWritingsodescribedastoformabiographybyI。Todhunter(2vols。1876)。TheLifeandCorrespondence，byMrsStairDouglas，appearedin1888。Whewell’schiefphilosophicalworksare：HistoryoftheInductiveSciences(3vols。8vo，1837；sectionedition，1840；thirdedition，1857)；

PhilosophyoftheInductiveSciences(2vols。1840：secondedition，1857)。Thisbookwasafterwardsdividedintothree：——

HistoryofScientificIdeas，2vols。1858；NovumOrganumRenovatum，1vol。1858；andPhilosophyofDiscovery，1vol。1860。

WhewellalsowroteapamphletOfInductionwithspecialreferencetoMrJ。StuartMill’s’SystemofLogic’。Thisisrepublishedaschap。xxiiofhisPhilosophyofDiscovery。

97。RepublishedinHerschel’sEssays(1857)，pp。142-256。

98。ScientificIdeas，i。88(noteaddedtothisedition)。

99。PhilosophyoftheInductiveSciences(1847)，ii。311。

100。PhilosophyoftheInductiveSciences，i。80。

101。Whewell’sPhilosophyofInductiveSciences，i。216-21；

Mill’sLogic，pp。160，265(bk。ii。ch。v。section6，andbk。

ii