下载辰思小说免费APP
BytheCapitularyofCompiègne[97]itisenactedthattheking’scommissaryshallhavearighttovisiteverymonastery，togetherwiththebishop，bytheconsentandinpresenceofthepersonwhoholdsit；
andthisshowsthattheabusewasgeneral。
Notthattherewerelawswantingfortherestitutionofthechurch—lands。ThePopehavingreprimandedthebishopsfortheirneglectinregardtothere—establishmentofthemonasteries，theywrotetoCharlestheBaldthattheywerenotaffectedbythisreproach，becausetheywerenotculpable；[98]andtheyremindedhimofwhathadbeenpromised，resolvedanddecreedinsomanynationalassemblies。Inpointoffact，theyquotednine。
Stilltheywentondisputing；tilltheNormanscameandmadethemallagree。
12。EstablishmentoftheTithes。TheregulationsmadeunderKingPepinhadgiventhechurchratherhopesofreliefthaneffectuallyrelievedher；andasCharlesMartelfoundallthelandedestatesofthekingdominthehandsoftheclergy，Charlemagnefoundallthechurch—landsinthehandsofthesoldiery。Thelattercouldnotbecompelledtorestoreavoluntarydonation，andthecircumstancesofthattimerenderedthethingstillmoreimpracticablethanitseemedtobeofitsownnature。
Ontheotherhand，Christianityoughtnottohavebeenlostforwantofministers，churches，andinstruction。[99]
ThiswasthereasonofCharlemagne’sestablishingthetithes，[100]anewkindofpropertywhichhadthisadvantageinfavouroftheclergy，thatastheyweregivenparticularlytothechurch，itwaseasierinprocessoftimetoknowwhentheywereusurped。
Somehaveattemptedtomakethisinstitutionofastillremoterdate，buttheauthoritiestheyproduceseemrather，Ithink，toprovethecontrary。TheconstitutionofClothariussays[101]onlythattheyshallnotraisecertaintithesonchurch—lands；[102]sofarthenwasthechurchfromexactingtithesatthattime，thatitswholepretensionwastobeexemptedfrompayingthem。ThesecondcouncilofMacon，[103]whichwasheldin585，andordainsthepaymentoftithes，says，indeed，thattheywerepaidinancienttimes，butitsaysalsothatthecustomofpayingthemwasthenabolished。
NoonequestionsbutthattheclergyopenedtheBiblebeforeCharlemagne’stime，andpreachedthegiftsandofferingsinLeviticus。
ButIsaythatbeforethatprince’sreign，thoughthetithesmighthavebeenpreached，theywereneverestablished。
InoticedthattheregulationsmadeunderKingPepinhadsubjectedthosewhowereseizedofchurchlandsinfieftothepaymentoftithes，andtotherepairingofthechurches。Itwasagreatdealtoinducebyalaw，whoseequitycouldnotbedisputed，theprincipalmenofthenationtosettheexample。
Charlemagnedidmore；andwefindbythecapitularydeVillis[104]thatheobligedhisowndemesnestothepaymentofthetithes；thiswasastillmorestrikingexample。
Butthecommonaltyarerarelyinfluencedbyexampletosacrificetheirinterests。ThesynodofFrankfortfurnishedthemwithamorecogentmotivetopaythetithes。[105]Acapitularywasmadeinthatsynod，whereinitissaidthatinthelastfaminethespikesofcornwerefoundtocontainnoseed，[106]theinfernalspiritshavingdevoureditall，andthatthosespiritshadbeenheardtoreproachthemwithnothavingpaidthetithes；inconsequenceofwhichitwasordainedthatallthosewhowereseizedofchurchlandsshouldpaythetithes；andthenextconsequencewasthattheobligationextendedtoall。
Charlemagne’sprojectdidnotsucceedatfirst，foritseemedtooheavyaburden。107ThepaymentofthetithesamongtheJewswasconnectedwiththeplanofthefoundationoftheirrepublic；buthereitwasaburdenquiteindependentoftheotherchargesoftheestablishmentofthemonarchy。WefindbytheregulationsaddedtothelawoftheLombards[108]thedifficultytherewasincausingthetithestobeacceptedbythecivillaws；andasfortheoppositiontheymetwithbeforetheywereadmittedbytheecclesiasticlaws，wemayeasilyjudgeofitfromthedifferentcanonsofthecouncils。
Thepeopleconsentedatlengthtopaythetithes，uponconditionthattheymighthavethepowerofredeemingthem。ThistheconstitutionofLouistheDebonnaire[109]andthatoftheEmperorLotharius，hisson，wouldnotallow。[110]
ThelawsofCharlemagne，inregardtotheestablishmentoftithes，wereaworkofnecessity，notofsuperstition——awork，inshort，inwhichreligiononlywasconcerned。Hisfamousdivisionofthetithesintofourparts，fortherepairingofthechurches，forthepoor，forthebishop，andfortheclergy，manifestlyprovesthathewishedtogivethechurchthatfixedandpermanentstatuswhichshehadlost。
Hiswillshowsthathewasdesirousofrepairingthemischiefdonebyhisgrandfather，CharlesMartel。[111]Hemadethreeequalsharesofhismovablegoods；twoofthesehewouldhavedividedeachintoone—and—twentyparts，fortheone—and—twentymetropolitanseesofhisempire；eachpartwastobesub—dividedbetweenthemetropolitanandthedependentbishoprics。Theremainingthirdhedistributedintofourparts；onehegavetohischildrenandgrandchildren，anotherwasaddedtothetwo—thirdsalreadybequeathed，andtheothertwowereassignedtocharitableuses。Itseemsasifhelookedupontheimmensedonationhewasmakingtothechurchlessasareligiousactthanasapoliticaldistribution。
13。OftheElectionofBishopsandAbbots。Asthechurchhadgrownpoor，thekingsresignedtherightofnominatingtobishopricsandotherecclesiasticbenefices。[112]Theprincesgavethemselveslesstroubleabouttheecclesiasticministers；andthecandidateswerelesssolicitousinapplyingtotheirauthorities。Thusthechurchreceivedakindofcompensationforthepossessionsshehadlost。
Hence，ifLouistheDebonnaireleftthepeopleofRomeinpossessionoftherightofchoosingtheirpopes，itwasowingtothegeneralspiritthatprevailedinhistime；[113]hebehavedinthesamemannertotheseeofRomeastootherbishoprics。
14。OftheFiefsofCharlesMartel。IshallnotpretendtodeterminewhetherCharlesMartel，ingivingthechurch—landsinfief，madeagrantofthemforlifeorinperpetuity。AllIknowisthatunderCharlemagne[114]andLothariusI[115]therewerepossessionsofthatkindwhichdescendedtothenextheirs，andweredividedamongthem。
Ifind，moreover，thatonepartofthemwasgivenasallodia，andtheotherasfiefs。[116]
Inoticedthattheproprietorsoftheallodiaweresubjecttoserviceallthesameasthepossessorsofthefiefs。This，withoutdoubt，waspartlythereasonthatCharlesMartelmadegrantsofallodiallandsaswellasoffiefs。
15。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Wemustobservethatthefiefshavingbeenchangedintochurch—lands，andtheseagainintofiefs，theyborrowedsomethingofeachother。Thusthechurch—landshadtheprivilegesoffiefs，andthesehadtheprivilegesofchurch—lands。Suchwerethehonoraryrightsofchurches，whichbeganatthattime。[117]Andasthoserightshaveeverbeenannexedtothejudiciarypower，inpreferencetowhatisstillcalledthefief，itfollowsthatthepatrimonialjurisdictionswereestablishedatthesametimeasthoseveryrights。
16。ConfusionoftheRoyaltyandMayoralty。TheSecondRace。Theconnectionofmysubjecthasmademeinverttheorderoftime，soastospeakofCharlemagnebeforeIhadmentionedthefamousepochofthetranslationofthecrowntotheCarlovingiansunderKingPepin；arevolution，which，contrarytothenatureofordinaryevents，ismoreremarkedperhapsinourdaysthanwhenithappened。
Thekingshadnoauthority；theyhadonlyanemptyname。Theregaltitlewashereditary，andthatofmayorelective。ThoughitwaslatterlyinthepowerofthemayorstoplaceanyoftheMerovingiansonthethrone，theyhadnotyettakenakingofanotherfamily；andtheancientlawwhichfixedthecrowninaparticularfamilywasnotyeterasedfromtheheartsoftheFranks。Theking’spersonwasalmostunknowninthemonarchy；butroyaltywasnot。Pepin，sonofCharlesMartel，thoughtitwouldbepropertoconfoundthosetwotitles，aconfusionwhichwouldleaveitamootpointwhetherthenewroyaltywashereditaryornot；andthiswassufficientforhimwhototheregaldignityhadjoinedagreatpower。Themayor’sauthoritywasthenblendedwiththatoftheking。Inthemixtureofthesetwoauthoritiesakindofreconciliationwasmade；
themayorhadbeenelective，andthekinghereditary；thecrownatthebeginningofthesecondracewaselective，becausethepeoplechose；itwashereditary，becausetheyalwayschoseinthesamefamily。[118]
FatherleCointe，inspiteoftheauthorityofallancientrecords[119]
deniesthatthePopeauthorisedthisgreatchange；andoneofhisreasonsisthathewouldhavecommittedaninjustice。[120]
