下载辰思小说免费APP
3。Ifthelordwassuedinhisowncourt，[212]whichneverhappenedbutupondisputesinrelationtothefief，afterlettingallthedelayspass，thelordhimselfwassummonedbeforethepeersinthesovereign’sname，[213]whosepermissionwasnecessaryonthatoccasion。Thepeersdidnotmakethesummonsintheirownname，becausetheycouldnotsummontheirlord，buttheycouldsummonfortheirlord。[214]
Sometimestheappealofdefaultofjusticewasfollowedbyanappealoffalsejudgment，whenthelordhadcausedjudgmenttobepassed，notwithstandingthedefault。[215]
Thevassalwhohadwrongfullychallengedhislordofdefaultofjusticewassentencedtopayafineaccordingtohislord’spleasure。[216]
TheinhabitantsofGaunthadchallengedtheEarlofFlandersofdefaultofjusticebeforetheking，forhavingdelayedtogivejudgmentinhisowncourt。[217]Uponexaminationitwasfoundthathehadusedfewerdelaysthaneventhecustomofthecountryallowed。Theywerethereforeremandedtohim；uponwhichtheireffectstothevalueofsixtythousandlivreswereseized。Theyreturnedtotheking’scourtinordertohavethefinemoderated；butitwasdecidedthattheearlmightinsistuponthefine，andevenuponmoreifhepleased。Beaumanoirwaspresentatthosejudgments。
4。Inotherdisputeswhichthelordmighthavewithhisvassal，inrespecttothepersonorhonourofthelatter，ortopropertythatdidnotbelongtothefief，therewasnoroomforachallengeofdefaultofjustice；becausethecausewasnottriedinthelord’scourt，butinthatoftheparamount：vassals，saysDéfontaines，[218]havingnopowertogivejudgmentonthepersonoftheirlord。
Ihavebeenatsometroubletogiveaclearideaofthosethings，whicharesoobscureandconfusedinancientauthorsthattodisentanglethemfromthechaosinwhichtheywereinvolvedmaybereckonedanewdiscovery。
29。EpochoftheReignofSt。Louis。St。Louisabolishedthejudicialcombatsinallthecourtsofhisdemesne，asappearsbytheordinancehepublishedthereupon，[219]andbytheInstitutions。[220]
Buthedidnotsuppresstheminthecourtsofhisbarons，exceptinthecaseofchallengeoffalsejudgment。[221]
Avassalcouldnotchallengethecourtofhislordoffalsejudgment，withoutdemandingajudicialcombatagainstthejudgeswhopronouncedsentence。ButSt。Louisintroducedthepracticeofchallengingoffalsejudgmentwithoutfighting，achangethatmaybereckonedakindofrevolution。[222]
Hedeclared[223]thatthereshouldbenochallengeoffalsejudgmentinthelordshipsofhisdemesnes，becauseitwasacrimeoffelony。Inreality，ifitwasakindoffelonyagainstthelord，byamuchstrongerreasonitwasfelonyagainsttheking。Butheconsentedthattheymightdemandanamendment[224]ofthejudgmentspassedinhiscourts；notbecausetheywerefalseoriniquitous，butbecausetheydidsomeprejudice。[225]Onthecontrary，heordainedthattheyshouldbeobligedtomakeachallengeoffalsejudgmentagainstthecourtsofthebarons，[226]incaseofanycomplaint。
ItwasnotallowedbytheInstitutions，aswehavealreadyobserved，tobringachallengeoffalsejudgmentagainstthecourtsintheking’sdemesnes。Theywereobligedtodemandanamendmentbeforethesamecourt；andincasethebailiffrefusedtheamendmentdemanded，thekinggaveleavetomakeanappealtohiscourt；[227]orrather，interpretingtheInstitutionsbythemselves，topresenthimarequestorpetition。[228]
Withregardtothecourtsofthelords，St。Louis，bypermittingthemtobechallengedoffalsejudgment，wouldhavethecausebroughtbeforetheroyaltribunal，[229]orthatofthelordparamount，nottobedecidedbyduel[230]butbywitnesses，pursuanttoacertainformofproceeding，therulesofwhichhelaiddownintheInstitutions。[231]
Thus，whethertheycouldfalsifythejudgment，asinthecourtofthebarons；orwhethertheycouldnotfalsify，asinthecourtofhisdemesnes，heordainedthattheymightappealwithoutthehazardofaduel。
Défontaines[232]givesusthefirsttwoexamplesheeversaw，inwhichtheyproceededthuswithoutalegalduel：one，inacausetriedatthecourtofSt。Quentin，whichbelongedtotheking’sdemesne；andtheother，inthecourtofPonthieu，wherethecount，whowaspresent，opposedtheancientjurisprudence：butthesetwocausesweredecidedbylaw。
Here，perhaps，itwillbeaskedwhySt。Louisordainedforthecourtsofhisbaronsadifferentformofproceedingfromthatwhichhehadestablishedinthecourtsofhisdemesne？Thereasonisthis：whenSt。
Louismadetheregulationforthecourtsofhisdemesnes，hewasnotcheckedorlimitedinhisviews：buthehadmeasurestokeepwiththelordswhoenjoyedthisancientprerogative，thatcausesshouldnotberemovedfromtheircourts，unlessthepartywaswillingtoexposehimselftothedangersofanappealoffalsejudgment。St。Louispreservedtheusageofthisappeal；butheordainedthatitshouldbemadewithoutajudicialcombat；thatis，inordertomakethechangelessfelt，hesuppressedthething，andcontinuedtheterms。
Thisregulationwasnotuniversallyreceivedinthecourtsofthelords。
Beaumanoirsays[233]thatinhistimethereweretwowaysoftryingcauses；oneaccordingtotheking’sestablishment，andtheotherpursuanttotheancientpractice；thatthelordswereatlibertytofollowwhichwaytheypleased；butwhentheyhadpitchedupononeinanycause，theycouldnotafterwardshaverecoursetotheother。Headds，[234]thattheCountofClermontfollowedthenewpractice，whilehisvassalskepttotheoldone；butthatitwasinhispowertoreestablishtheancientpracticewheneverhepleased，otherwisehewouldhavelessauthoritythanhisvassals。
ItisproperheretoobservethatFrancewasatthattimedividedintothecountryoftheking’sdemesne，andthatwhichwascalledthecountryofthebarons，orthebaronies；and，tomakeuseofthetermsofSt。
Louis’Institutions，intothecountryunderobediencetotheking，andthecountryoutofhisobedience。[235]Whenthekingmadeordinancesforthecountryofhisdemesne，heemployedhisownsingleauthority。Butwhenhepublishedanyordinancesthatconcernedalsothecountryofhisbarons，theseweremadeinconcertwiththem，[236]orsealedandsubscribedbythem：otherwisethebaronsreceivedorrefusedthem，accordingastheyseemedconducivetothegoodoftheirbaronies。Therear—vassalswereuponthesametermswiththegreat—vassals。NowtheInstitutionswerenotmadewiththeconsentofthelords，thoughtheyregulatedmatterswhichtothemwereofgreatimportance：buttheywerereceivedonlybythosewhobelievedtheywouldredoundtotheiradvantage。Robert，sonofSt。Louis，receivedtheminhiscountyofClermont；yethisvassalsdidnotthinkpropertoconformtothispractice。
30。ObservationonAppeals。Iapprehendthatappeals，whichwerechallengestoacombat，musthavebeenmadeimmediatelyonthespot。"Ifthepartyleavesthecourtwithoutappealing，"saysBeaumanoir，[237]"heloseshisappeal，andthejudgmentstandsgood。"Thiscontinuedstillinforce，evenafteralltherestrictionsofjudicialcombat。[238]
31。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Thevillaincouldnotbringachallengeoffalsejudgmentagainstthecourtofhislord。ThiswelearnfromDéfontaines，[239]andheisconfirmedmoreoverbytheInstitutions。[240]
HenceDéfontainessays，[241]"betweenthelordandhisvillainthereisnootherjudgebutGod。"
Itwasthecustomofjudicialcombatsthatdeprivedthevillainsoftheprivilegeofchallengingtheirlord’scourtoffalsejudgment。Andsotrueisthis，thatthosevillains[242]whobycharterorcustomhadarighttofighthadalsotheprivilegeofchallengingtheirlord’scourtoffalsejudgment，eventhoughthepeerswhotriedthemweregentlemen；[243]andDéfontainesproposesexpedientstogentlemeninordertoavoidthescandaloffightingwithavillainbywhomtheyhadbeenchallengedoffalsejudgment。[244]
Asthepracticeofjudicialcombatsbegantodecline，andtheusageofnewappealstobeintroduced，itwasreckonedunfairthatfreemenshouldhavearemedyagainsttheinjusticeofthecourtsoftheirlords，andthevillainsshouldnot；hencetheparliamentreceivedtheirappealsallthesameasthoseoffreemen。
32。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Whenachallengeoffalsejudgmentwasbroughtagainstthelord’scourt，thelordappearedinpersonbeforehisparamounttodefendthejudgmentofhiscourt。Inlikemanner，intheappealofdefaultofjustice，thepartysummonedbeforethe
