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1。St。Cyril’sLetter。
2。ThisdoesnotcontradictwhatIhavesaidinthelastchapteroftheprecedingbook：Iherespeakofthemotivesofattachmentofreligion，andthereofthemeansofrenderingitmoregeneral。
3。Thishasbeenremarkedoveralltheworld。See，astotheTurks，theMissionsoftheLevant；theCollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，iii，partI，p。201ontheMoorsofBatavia；andFatherLabatontheMahometanNegroes，&c。
4。TheChristianandtheIndianreligions：thesehaveahellandaparadise，whichthereligionofSintoshasnot。
5。EnteringthemosqueofBochara，hetooktheKoran，andthrewitunderhishorse’sfeet。——HistoryoftheTartars，partIII，p。273。
6。Ibid。，p。342。
7。ThisdispositionofmindhasbeencommunicatedtotheJapanese，who，asitmaybeeasilyproved，derivetheiroriginfromtheTartars。
8。Annals，iii。60。
9。Numb。，35，14。
10。Ibid。，16，ff。
11。DeAbstinentiaanimal，ii，§5。
12。LiliusGiraldus，p。726。
13。ApeopleofSiberia。SeetheaccountgivenbyMr。EverardYsbrantIdes，intheCollectionofTravelstotheNorth，viii。
14。Mr。Hyde。
15。Laws，x。
16。Rogumvinonerespergito——LawoftheTwelveTables。
17。CiceroderivestheseappropriatewordsfromPlato，Laws，xii。——ED。
18。Laws，iv。
19。IdonotmeantospeakinthischapteroftheChristianreligion；
for，asIhaveelsewhereobserved，theChristianreligionisourchiefblessing。Seetheendoftheprecedingchapter，andtheDefenceoftheSpiritofLaws，partII。
20。IntheCollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，v，part1，p。192。
21。ThesourceoftheblindnessoftheJewsistheirnotperceivingthattheeconomyoftheGospelisintheorderofthedecreesofGodandthatitisinthislightaconsequenceofhisimmutability。
22。Bookvi。13。
23。SeeKempfer。
24。Forbin，Memoirs。
25。HistoryoftheTartars，partV。
26。Pirard，Travels，27。
BookXXVI。OfLawsinRelationtotheOrderofThingsWhichTheyDetermine1。IdeaofthisBook。Menaregovernedbyseveralkindsoflaws；bythelawofnature；bythedivinelaw，whichisthatofreligion；byecclesiastical，otherwisecalledcanonlaw，whichisthatofreligiouspolity；bythelawofnations，whichmaybeconsideredasthecivillawofthewholeglobe，inwhichsenseeverynationisacitizen；bythegeneralpoliticallaw，whichrelatestothathumanwisdomwhenceallsocietiesderivetheirorigin；bytheparticularpoliticallaw，theobjectofwhichiseachsociety；bythelawofconquestfoundedonthis，thatonenationhasbeenwillingandable，orhashadarighttoofferviolencetoanother；bythecivillawofeverysociety，bywhichacitizenmaydefendhispossessionsandhislifeagainsttheattacksofanyothercitizen；infine，bydomesticlaw，whichproceedsfromasociety’sbeingdividedintoseveralfamilies，allwhichhaveneedofaparticulargovernment。
Therearethereforedifferentordersoflaws，andthesublimityofhumanreasonconsistsinperfectlyknowingtowhichoftheseordersthethingsthataretobedeterminedoughttohaveaprincipalrelation，andnottothrowintoconfusionthoseprincipleswhichshouldgovernmankind。
2。OfLawsdivineandhuman。Weoughtnottodecidebydivinelawswhatshouldbedecidedbyhumanlaws；nordeterminebyhumanwhatshouldbedeterminedbydivinelaws。
Thesetwosortsoflawsdifferintheirorigin，intheirobject，andintheirnature。
Itisuniversallyacknowledged，thathumanlawsare，intheirownnature，differentfromthoseofreligion；thisisanimportantprinciple：butthisprincipleisitselfsubjecttoothers，whichmustbeinquiredinto。
1。Itisinthenatureofhumanlawstobesubjecttoalltheaccidentswhichcanhappen，andtovaryinproportionasthewillofmanchanges；
onthecontrary，bythenatureofthelawsofreligion，theyarenevertovary。Humanlawsappointforsomegood；thoseofreligionforthebest：goodmayhaveanotherobject，becausetherearemanykindsofgood；butthebestisbutone；itcannotthereforechange。Wemayalterlaws，becausetheyarereputednomorethangood；buttheinstitutionsofreligionarealwayssupposedtobethebest。
2。Therearekingdomsinwhichthelawsareofnovalueastheydependonlyonthecapriciousandficklehumourofthesovereign。Ifinthesekingdomsthelawsofreligionwereofthesamenatureasthehumaninstitutions，thelawsofreligiontoowouldbeofnovalue。Itishowever，necessarytothesocietythatitshouldhavesomethingfixed；
anditisreligionthathasthisstability。
3。Theinfluenceofreligionproceedsfromitsbeingbelieved；thatofhumanlawsfromtheirbeingfeared。Antiquityaccordswithreligion，becausewehavefrequentlyafirmerbeliefinthingsinproportiontotheirdistance；forwehavenoideasannexedtothemdrawnfromthosetimeswhichcancontradictthem。Humanlaws，onthecontrary，receiveadvantagefromtheirnovelty，whichimpliestheactualandparticularattentionofthelegislatortoputtheminexecution。
3。OfcivilLawscontrarytotheLawofNature。Ifaslave，saysPlato，defendshimself，andkillsafreeman，heoughttobetreatedasaparricide。[1]Thisisacivillawwhichpunishesself—defence，thoughdictatedbynature。
ThelawofHenryVIIIwhichcondemnedamanwithoutbeingconfrontedbywitnesseswascontrarytoself—defence。Inordertopasssentenceofcondemnation，itisnecessarythatthewitnessesshouldknowwhetherthemanagainstwhomtheymaketheirdepositionishewhomtheyaccuse，andthatthismanbeatlibertytosay，"Iamnotthepersonyoumean。"
Thelawpassedduringthesamereign，whichcondemnedeverywoman，who，havingcarriedonacriminalcommercedidnotdeclareittothekingbeforeshemarriedhim，violatedtheregardduetonaturalmodesty。Itisasunreasonabletoobligeawomantomakethisdeclaration，astoobligeamannottoattemptthedefenceofhisownlife。
ThelawofHenryIIwhichcondemnedthewomantodeathwholostherchild，incaseshedidnotmakeknownherpregnancytothemagistrate，wasnotlesscontrarytoself—defence。Itwouldhavebeensufficienttoobligehertoinformoneofhernearestrelatives，whomightwatchoverthepreservationoftheinfant。
Whatotherinformationcouldshegiveinthissituation，sotorturingtonaturalmodesty？Educationhasheightenedthenotionofpreservingthatmodesty；andinthosecriticalmomentsscarcelyhassheanyidearemainingofthelossoflife。
TherehasbeenmuchtalkofalawinEnglandwhichpermittedgirlssevenyearsoldtochooseahusband。[2]Thislawwasshockingintwoways；ithadnoregardtothetimewhennaturegivesmaturitytotheunderstanding，nortothatinwhichshegivesmaturitytothebody。
AmongtheRomans，afathermightobligehisdaughtertorepudiateherhusband，thoughhehimselfhadconsentedtothemarriage。[3]Butitiscontrarytonatureforadivorcetobeinthepowerofathirdperson。
Adivorcecanbeagreeabletonatureonlywhenitisbyconsentofthetwoparties，oratleastofoneofthem；butwhenneitherconsentsitisamonstrousseparation。Inshort，thepowerofdivorcecanbegivenonlytothosewhofeeltheinconveniencesofmarriage，andwhoaresensibleofthemomentwhenitisfortheirinteresttomakethemcease。
4。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Gundebald，KingofBurgundy，decreedthatifthewifeorsonofapersonguiltyofrobberydidnotrevealthecrime，theyweretobecomeslaves。[4]Thiswascontrarytonature：awifetoinformagainstherhusband！asontoaccusehisfather！Toavengeonecriminalaction，theyordainedanotherstillmorecriminal。
ThelawofRecessuinthuspermitsthechildrenoftheadulteress，orthoseofherhusband，toaccuseher，andtoputtheslavesofthehousetothetorture。[5]Howiniquitousthelawwhich，topreserveapurityofmoralsoverturnsnature，theorigin，thesourceofallmorality！
Withpleasurewebeholdinourtheatresayoungheroexpressasmuchhorroragainstthediscoveryofhismother—in—law’sguilt，asagainsttheguiltitself。Inhissurprise，thoughaccused，judged，condemned，proscribed，andcoveredwithinfamy，hescarcelydarestoreflectontheabominablebloodwhencePh？drasprang；heabandonsthemosttenderobject，allthatismostdear，allthatliesnearesthisheart，allthatcanfillhimwithrage，todeliverhimselfuptotheunmeritedvengeanceofthegods。Itisnature’svoice，thesweetestofallsounds，thatinspiresuswiththispleasure。
5。CasesinwhichwemayjudgebythePrinciplesofthecivilLawinlimitingthePrinciplesoftheLawofNature。AnAthenianlawobligedchildrentoprovidefortheirfatherswhenfallenintopoverty；[6]itexceptedthosewhowerebornofacourtesan，[7]thosewhosech
