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19。OfLegislators。AristotlewantedtoindulgesometimeshisjealousyagainstPlato，andsometimeshispassionforAlexander。PlatowasincensedagainstthetyrannyofthepeopleofAthens。Machiavelwasfullofhisidol，theDukeofValentinois。SirThomasMore，whospokeratherofwhathehadreadthanofwhathethought，wantedtogovernallstateswiththesimplicityofaGreekcity。[49]HarringtonwasfulloftheideaofhisfavouriterepublicofEngland，whileacrowdofwriterssawnothingbutconfusionwheremonarchyisabolished。Thelawsalwaysconformtothepassionsandprejudicesofthelegislator；sometimesthelatterpassthrough，andonlytincturethem；sometimestheyremain，andareincorporatedwiththem。
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1。Aristotle，Politics，iv。11。
2。Bookxx。1。
3。Ceciliussaysthatheneversawnorreadofaninstanceinwhichthispunishmenthadbeeninflicted；butitislikelythatnosuchpunishmentwaseverestablished：theopinionofsomecivilians，thatthelawoftheTwelveTablesmeantonlythedivisionofthemoneyarisingfromthesaleofthedebtor，seemsveryprobable。
4。DeFalsalegatione。
5。Dio，xli。
6。Aristotle，Politics，v。13。
7。Plutarch，Dionysius。
8。Seexxvi。17，p。223，above。
9。Whentheinheritancewastoomuchencumberedtheyeludedthepontificallawbycertainsales，whencecomethewordssinesacrish？reditas。
10。Lawsix。
11。Tacitus，Annals，vi。29。
12。RescriptoftheEmperorPiusinLeg。3，§§1，2，ff。deboniseorumquiantesententiammortemsibiconsciverunt。
13。Leg。18，ff。deinfusvocando。
14。SeetheLawoftheTwelveTables。
15。Rapitinjus。——Horace，Sat。，i。9。Hencetheycouldnotsummonthosetowhomaparticularrespectwasdue。
16。SeeLeg。18，ff。deinjusvocando。
17。BytheancientFrenchlaw，witnesseswereheardonbothsides；hencewefindintheInstitutionsofSt。Louis，i。7，thattherewasonlyapecuniarypunishmentagainstfalsewitnesses。
18。Leg。1，ff。dereceptatoribus。
19。Ibid。
20。SeewhatFavorinussaysinAulusGellius，xx。1。
21。ComparewhatPlutarchsaysintheLycurguswiththelawsoftheDigest，titleDefurtis；andtheInstitutes，iv，tit。1，§§1，2，3。
22。Laws，i。
23。Syrian。，inHermog。
24。TheCornelianlawDeSicariis，Institutes，iv，tit。3，delegeAquilia，§7。
25。SeeLeg。4，ff。adleg。Aquil。
26。Ibid。；seethedecreeofTassillonaddedtothelawoftheBavarians，depopularib。Legib。art。4。
27。Utcarmennecessarium。——Cicero，DeLeg。ii，23。
28。ItistheworkofIrnerius。
29。Testament。Polit。
30。AppendixtotheTheodosiancodeinthefirstvolumeofFatherSirmond’sworks，p。737。
31。AulusGellius，xx。1。
32。Wefindintheverbalprocessofthisordinancethemotivesthatdeterminedhim。
33。InhisordinanceofMontel—les—Tours，intheyear1453。
34。Theymightpunishtheattorney，withouttherebeinganynecessityofdisturbingthepublicorder。
35。Theordinanceoftheyear1667hasmadesomeregulationsuponthishead。
36。Bookii，tit。37。
37。InFatherSirmond’sappendixtotheTheodosiancode，i。
38。Leg。1，Cod。derepudiis。
39。Seetheauthenticsedhodie，intheCod。derepudiis。
40。Leg。1，ff。dePostulando。
41。Sentences，iv。9。
42。DellaguerracivilediFrancia，p。96。
43。ItwasmadeonNovember18，1702。
44。Laws，ix。
45。Itistheauthenticsedcumtestator。
46。Bookxii，tit。2，§16。
47。SeeJuliusCapitolinus，inMacrinus，13。
48。Ibid。
49。InhisUtopia。
BookXXX。TheoryoftheFeudalLawsamongtheFranksintheRelationTheyBeartotheEstablishmentoftheMonarchy1。OfFeudalLaws。IshouldthinkmyworkimperfectwereItopassoverinsilenceaneventwhichneveragain，perhaps，willhappen；wereInottospeakofthoselawswhichsuddenlyappearedoverallEuropewithoutbeingconnectedwithanyoftheformerinstitutions；ofthoselawswhichhavedoneinfinitegoodandinfinitemischief；whichhavesufferedrightstoremainwhenthedemesnehasbeenceded；whichbyvestingseveralwithdifferentkindsofseignoryoverthesamethingsorpersonshavediminishedtheweightofthewholeseignory；whichhaveestablisheddifferentlimitsinempiresoftoogreatextent；whichhavebeenproductiveofrulewithabiastoanarchy，andofanarchywithatendencytoorderandharmony。
Thiswouldrequireaparticularworktoitself；butconsideringthenatureofthepresentundertaking，thereaderwillheremeetratherwithageneralsurveythanwithacompletetreatiseofthoselaws。
Thefeudallawsformaverybeautifulprospect。Avenerableoldoakraisesitsloftyheadtotheskies，theeyeseesfromafaritsspreadingleaves；upondrawingnearer，itperceivesthetrunkbutdoesnotdiscerntheroot；thegroundmustbeduguptodiscoverit。[1]
2。OftheSourceofFeudalLaws。TheconquerorsoftheRomanempirecamefromGermany。Thoughfewancientauthorshavedescribedtheirmanners，yetwehavetwoofverygreatweight。C？sarmakingwaragainsttheGermansdescribesthemannersofthatnation；[2]andupontheseheregulatedsomeofhisenterprises。[3]AfewpagesofC？saruponthissubjectareequaltowholevolumes。
TacitushaswrittenanentireworkonthemannersoftheGermans。Thisworkisshort，butitcomesfromthepenofTacitus，whowasalwaysconcise，becausehesaweverythingatoneglance。
ThesetwoauthorsagreesoperfectlywiththecodesstillextantofthelawsoftheBarbarians，thatreadingC？sarandTacitusweimagineweareperusingthesecodes，andperusingthesecodeswefancywearereadingC？sarandTacitus。
ButifinthisresearchintothefeudallawsIshouldfindmyselfentangledandlostinadarklabyrinth，IfancyIhavetheclueinmyhand，andthatIshallbeabletofindmywaythrough。
3。TheOriginofVassalage。C？sarsays[4]that，"TheGermansneglectedagriculture；thatthegreatestpartofthemliveduponmilk，cheeseandflesh；thatnoonehadlandsorboundariesofhisown；thattheprincesandmagistratesofeachnationallottedwhatportionoflandtheypleasedtoindividuals，andobligedthemtheyearfollowingtoremovetosomeotherpart。"Tacitussays[5]that，"Eachprincehadamultitudeofmen，whowereattachedtohisservice，andfollowedhimwhereverhewent。"Thisauthorgivesthemanameinhislanguageinaccordancewiththeirstate，whichisthatofcompanions。[6]Theyhadastrongemulationtoobtaintheprince’sesteem；andtheprinceshadthesameemulationtodistinguishthemselvesinthebraveryandnumberoftheircompanions。
"Theirdignityandpower，"continuesTacitus，"consistinbeingconstantlysurroundedbyamultitudeofyoungandchosenpeople；thistheyreckontheirornamentinpeace，thistheirdefenceandsupportinwar。Theirnamebecomesfamousathome，andamongneighbouringnations，whentheyexcelallothersinthenumberandcourageoftheircompanions：theyreceivepresentsandembassiesfromallparts。
Reputationfrequentlydecidesthefateofwar。Inbattleitisinfamyintheprincetobesurpassedincourage；itisinfamyinthecompanionsnottofollowthebraveexampleoftheirprince；itisaneternaldisgracetosurvivehim。Todefendhimistheirmostsacredengagement。
Ifacitybeatpeace，theprincesgotothosewhoareatwar；anditisthustheyretainagreatnumberoffriends。Tothesetheygivethewarhorseandtheterriblejavelin。Theirpayconsistsincoarsebutplentifulrepasts。Theprincesupportshisliberalitymerelybywarandplunder。Youmightmoreeasilypersuadethemtoattackanenemyandtoexposethemselvestothedangersofwar，thantocultivatetheland，ortoattendtothecaresofhusbandry；theyrefusetoacquirebysweatwhattheycanpurchasewithblood。"
Thus，amongtheGermans，therewerevassals，butnofiefs；theyhadnofiefs，becausetheprinceshadnolandstogive；orrathertheirfiefsconsistedinhorsestrainedforwar，inarms，andfeasting。Therewerevassals，becausethereweretrustymenwhobeingboundbytheir
