下载辰思小说免费APP
Fugitivesfoundthereaplaceofsafety。Itwasnecessarythattheyshouldsubsist；theydrew，therefore，theirsubsistencefromallpartsoftheworld。
6。SomeEffectsofanextensiveNavigation。Itsometimeshappensthatanation，whenengagedinaneconomicalcommerce，havingneedofthemerchandiseofonecountry，whichservesasacapitalorstockforprocuringthecommoditiesofanother，issatisfiedwithmakingverylittleprofit，andfrequentlynoneatall，intradingwiththeformer，inexpectationofgaininggreatlybythelatter。Thus，whentheDutchwerealmosttheonlynationthatcarriedonthetradefromthesouthtothenorthofEurope；theFrenchwineswhichtheyimportedtothenorthwereinsomemeasureonlyacapitalorstockforconductingtheircommerceinthatpartoftheworld。
ItisaknownfactthattherearesomekindsofmerchandiseinHollandwhich，thoughimportedfromafar，sellforverylittlemorethantheycostuponthespot。Theyaccountforitthus：acaptainwhohasoccasiontoballasthisshipwillloaditwithmarble；ifhewantswoodforstowage，hewillbuyit；and，providedhelosesnothingbythebargain，hewillthinkhimselfagainer。ThusitisthatHollandhasitsquarriesanditsforests。
Further，itmayhappensothatnotonlyacommercewhichbringsinnothingshallbeuseful，butevenalosingtradeshallbebeneficial。I
havehearditaffirmedinHollandthatthewhalefisheryingeneraldoesnotanswertheexpense；butitmustbeobservedthatthepersonsemployedinbuildingtheships，asalsothosewhofurnishtheriggingandprovisions，arejointlyconcernedinthefishery。Shouldtheyhappentoloseinthevoyage，theyhavehadaprofitinfittingoutthevessel。
Thiscommerce，inshort，isakindoflottery，andeveryoneisalluredwiththehopesofaprize。Mankindaregenerallyfondofgaming；andeventhemostprudenthavenoaversiontoit，whenthedisagreeablecircumstancesattendingit，suchasdissipation，anxiety，passion，lossoftime，andevenoflifeandfortune，areconcealedfromtheirview。
7。TheSpiritofEnglandwithrespecttoCommerce。ThetarifforcustomsofEnglandareveryunsettledwithrespecttoothernations；theyarechanged，insomemeasure，witheveryparliament，eitherbytakingoffparticularduties，orbyimposingnewones。Theyendeavourbythesemeansstilltopreservetheirindependence。Supremelyjealouswithrespecttotrade，theybindthemselvesbutlittlebytreaties，anddependonlyontheirownlaws。
Othernationshavemadetheinterestsofcommerceyieldtothoseofpolitics；theEnglish，onthecontrary，haveevermadetheirpoliticalinterestsgivewaytothoseofcommerce。Theyknowbetterthananyotherpeopleuponearthhowtovalue，atthesametime，thesethreegreatadvantages——religion，commerce，andliberty。
8。InwhatMannereconomicalCommercehasbeensometimesrestrained。Inseveralkingdomslawshavebeenmadeextremelypropertohumblethestatesthathaveenteredintoeconomicalcommerce。Theyhaveforbiddentheirimportinganymerchandise，excepttheproductoftheirrespectivecountries；andhavepermittedthemtotrafficonlyinvesselsbuiltinthekingdomtowhichtheybroughttheircommodities。
Itisnecessarythatthekingdomwhichimposestheselawsshoulditselfbeableeasilytoengageincommerce；otherwiseitwill，atleast，beanequalsufferer。Itismuchmoreadvantageoustotradewithacommercialnation，whoseprofitsaremoderate，andwhoarerenderedinsomesortdependentbytheaffairsofcommerce；withanationwhoselargerviewsandwhoseextendedtradeenablesthemtodisposeoftheirsuperfluousmerchandise；withawealthynation，whocantakeoffmanyoftheircommodities，andmakethemaquickerreturninspecie；withanationunderakindofnecessitytobefaithful，pacificfromprinciple，andthatseekstogain，andnottoconquer：itismuchbetter，Isay，totradewithsuchanotionthanwithothers，theirconstantrivals，whowillnevergrantsuchgreatadvantages。
9。OftheProhibitionofCommerce。Itisatruemaximthatonenationshouldneverexcludeanotherfromtradingwithit，exceptforverygreatreasons。TheJapanesetradeonlywithtwonations，theChineseandtheDutch。TheChinese[7]gainathousandpercentuponsugars，andsometimesasmuchbythegoodstheytakeinexchange。TheDutchmakenearlythesameprofits。EverynationthatactsuponJapaneseprinciplesmustnecessarilybedeceived；foritiscompetitionwhichsetsajustvalueonmerchandise，andestablishestherelationbetweenthem。
Muchlessoughtastatetolayitselfunderanobligationofsellingitsmanufacturesonlytoasinglenation，underapretenceoftheirtakingallatacertainprice。ThePoles，inthismanner，disposeoftheircorntothecityofDanzig；andseveralIndianprinceshavemadealikecontractfortheirspiceswiththeDutch。[8]Theseagreementsareproperonlyforapoornation，whoseinhabitantsaresatisfiedtoforegothehopesofenrichingthemselves，providedtheycanbesecureofacertainsubsistence；orfornationswhoseslaveryconsistseitherinrenouncingtheuseofthosethingswhichnaturehasgiventhem，orinbeingobligedtosubmittoadisadvantageouscommerce。
10。AnInstitutionadaptedtoeconomicalCommerce。Instatesthatcarryonaneconomicalcommerce，theyhaveluckilyestablishedbanks，whichbytheircredithaveformedanewspeciesofwealth：butitwouldbequitewrongtointroducethemintogovernmentswhosecommerceisfoundedonlyonluxury。Theerectingofbanksincountriesgovernedbyanabsolutemonarchsupposesmoneyontheoneside，andontheotherpower：thatis，ontheonehand，themeansofprocuringeverything，withoutanypower；
andontheother，thepower，withoutanymeansofprocuringatall。Inagovernmentofthiskind，nonebuttheprinceeverhad，orcanhave，atreasure；andwhereverthereisone，itnosoonerbecomesgreatthanitbecomesthetreasureoftheprince。
Forthesamereason，allassociationsofmerchants，inordertocarryonaparticularcommerce，areseldomproperinabsolutegovernments。Thedesignofthesecompaniesistogivetothewealthofprivatepersonstheweightofpublicriches。Butinthosegovernmentsthisweightcanbefoundonlyintheprince。Nay，theyarenotevenalwaysproperinstatesengagedineconomicalcommerce；for，ifthetradebenotsogreatastosurpassthemanagementofparticularpersons，itismuchbettertoleaveitopenthan，byexclusiveprivileges，torestrainthelibertyofcommerce。
11。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Afreeportmaybeestablishedinthedominionsofstateswhosecommerceiseconomical。Thateconomyinthegovernmentwhichalwaysattendsthefrugalityofindividualsis，ifI
maysoexpressmyself，thesoulofitseconomicalcommerce。Thelossitsustainswithrespecttocustomsitcanrepairbydrawingfromthewealthandindustryoftherepublic。Butinamonarchyastepofthiskindmustbeoppositetoreason；foritcouldhavenoothereffectthantoeaseluxuryoftheweightoftaxes。Thiswouldbedeprivingitselfoftheonlyadvantagethatluxurycanprocure，andoftheonlycurbwhich，inaconstitutionlikethis，itiscapableofreceiving。
12。OftheFreedomofCommerce。Thefreedomofcommerceisnotapowergrantedtothemerchantstodowhattheyplease：thiswouldbemoreproperlyitsslavery。Theconstraintofthemerchantisnottheconstraintofcommerce。Itisinthefreestcountriesthatthemerchantfindsinnumerableobstacles；andheisneverlesscrossedbylawsthaninacountryofslaves。
Englandprohibitstheexportationofherwool；coalsmustbebroughtbyseatothecapital；nohorses，exceptgeldings，areallowedtobeexported；andthevesselsofhercoloniestradingtoEuropemusttakeinwaterinEngland。[9]TheEnglishconstrainthemerchant，butitisinfavourofcommerce。
13。WhatitisthatdestroysthisLiberty。Wherevercommercesubsists，customsareestablished。Commerceistheexportationandimportationofmerchandise，withaviewtotheadvantageofthestate：customsareacertainrightoverthissameexportationandimportation，foundedalsoontheadvantageofthestate。Henceitbecomesnecessarythatthestateshouldbeneutralbetweenitscustomsanditscommerce，thatneitherofthesetwointerfer
