第40章

28。BywhatmeanswemayremedyaDepopulation。Whenastateisdepopulatedbyparticularaccidents，bywars，pestilence，orfamine，therearestillresourcesleft。Themenwhoremainmaypreservethespiritofindustry；theymayseektorepairtheirmisfortunes，andcalamityitselfmaymakethembecomemoreindustrious。Thisevilisalmostincurablewhenthedepopulationispreparedbeforehandbyinteriorviceandabadgovernment。Whenthisisthecase，menperishwithaninsensibleandhabitualdisease；borninmiseryandweakness，inviolenceorundertheinfluenceofawickedadministration，theyseethemselvesdestroyed，andfrequentlywithoutperceivingthecauseoftheirdestruction。Ofthiswehaveamelancholyproofinthecountriesdesolatedbydespoticpower，orbytheexcessiveadvantagesoftheclergyoverthelaity。

Invainshallwewaitforthesuccourofchildrenyetunborntore—establishastatethusdepopulated。Thereisnottimeforthis；menintheirsolitudearewithoutcourageorindustry。Withlandsufficienttonourishanation，theyhavescarcelyenoughtonourishafamily。Thecommonpeoplehavenotevenapropertyinthemiseriesofthecountry，thatis，inthefallowswithwhichitabounds。Theclergy，theprince，thecities，thegreatmen，andsomeoftheprincipalcitizensinsensiblybecomeproprietorsofallthelandwhichliesuncultivated；thefamilieswhoareruinedhavelefttheirfields，andthelabouringmanisdestitute。

InthissituationtheyshouldtakethesamemeasuresthroughoutthewholeextentoftheempirewhichtheRomanstookinapartoftheirs；

theyshouldpractiseintheirdistresswhattheseobservedinthemidstofplenty；thatis，theyshoulddistributelandtoallthefamilieswhoareinwant，andprocurethemmaterialsforclearingandcultivatingit。

Thisdistributionoughttobecontinuedsolongasthereisamantoreceiveit，andinsuchamannerasnottoloseamomentthatcanbeindustriouslyemployed。

29。OfHospitals。Amanisnotpoorbecausehehasnothing，butbecausehedoesnotwork。Themanwhowithoutanydegreeofwealthhasanemploymentisasmuchathiseaseashewhowithoutlabourhasanincomeofahundredcrownsayear。Hewhohasnosubstance，andyethasatrade，isnotpoorerthanhewho，possessingtenacresofland，isobligedtocultivateitforhissubsistence。Themechanicwhogiveshisartasaninheritancetohischildrenhasleftthemafortune，whichismultipliedinproportiontotheirnumber。Itisnotsowithhimwho，havingtenacresofland，dividesitamonghischildren。

Intradingcountries，wheremanymenhavenoothersubsistencebutfromthearts，thestateisfrequentlyobligedtosupplythenecessitiesoftheaged，thesick，andtheorphan。Awell—regulatedgovernmentdrawsthissupportfromtheartsthemselves。Itgivestosomesuchemploymentastheyarecapableofperforming；othersaretaughttowork，andthisteachingofitselfbecomesanemployment。

Thealmsgiventoanakedmaninthestreetdonotfulfiltheobligationsofthestate，whichowestoeverycitizenacertainsubsistence，apropernourishment，convenientclothing，andakindoflifenotincompatiblewithhealth。

Aurungzebe，beingaskedwhyhedidnotbuildhospitals，said，"Iwillmakemyempiresorichthatthereshallbenoneedofhospitals。"[118]

Heoughttohavesaid，"Iwillbeginbyrenderingmyempirerich，andthenIwillbuildhospitals。"

Therichesofthestatesupposegreatindustry。Amidstthenumerousbranchesoftradeitisimpossiblebutthatsomemustsuffer，andconsequentlythemechanicsmustbeinamomentarynecessity。

Wheneverthishappens，thestateisobligedtolendthemareadyassistance，whetheritbetopreventthesufferingsofthepeople，ortoavoidarebellion。Inthiscasehospitals，orsomeequivalentregulations，arenecessarytopreventthismisery。

Butwhenthenationispoor，privatepovertyspringsfromthegeneralcalamity，andis，ifImaysoexpressmyself，thegeneralcalamityitself。Allthehospitalsintheworldcannotcurethisprivatepoverty；

onthecontrary，thespiritofindolence，whichitconstantlyinspires，increasesthegeneral，andconsequentlytheprivate，misery。

HenryVIII，[119]resolvingtoreformtheChurchofEngland，ruinedthemonks，ofthemselvesalazysetofpeople，thatencouragedlazinessinothers，because，astheypractisedhospitality，aninfinitenumberofidlepersons，gentlemenandcitizens，spenttheirlivesinrunningfromconventtoconvent。Hedemolishedeventhehospitals，inwhichthelowerpeoplefoundsubsistence，asthegentlemendidtheirsinthemonasteries。Sincethesechanges，thespiritoftradeandindustryhasbeenestablishedinEngland。

AtRome，thehospitalsplaceeveryoneathiseaseexceptthosewholabour，exceptthosewhoareindustrious，exceptthosewhohaveland，exceptthosewhoareengagedintrade。Ihaveobservedthatwealthynationshaveneedofhospitals，becausefortunesubjectsthemtoathousandaccidents；butitisplainthattransientassistancesaremuchbetterthanperpetualfoundations。Theevilismomentary；itisnecessary，therefore，thatthesuccourshouldbeofthesamenature，andthatitbeappliedtoparticularaccidents。

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1。Dryden，Lucr。

2。TheGaramantes。

3。Booki。8。

4。Paterestquemnupti？demonstrant。

5。Forthisreason，amongnationsthathaveslaves，thechildalmostalwaysfollowsthestationorconditionofthemother。

6。FatherDuHalde，i，p。165。

7。Ibid，ii，p。121。

8。Aristotle，Politics，vi。4。

9。Ibid。，iii。5。

10。ThomasGage，ANewSurveyoftheWestIndies，p。345，3rded。

11。Ibid。，p。97，3rded。

12。Bookxvi。4。

13。SeeKempfer，whogivesacomputationofthepeopleofMeaco。

14。CollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，i，p。347。

15。Japaniscomposedofanumberofisles，wheretherearemanybanks，andtheseaisthereextremelyfulloffish。

16。Chinaaboundsinrivers。

17。SeeFatherDuHalde，ii，pp。139，142。ff。

18。Thegreatestnumberoftheproprietorsofland，saysBishopBurnet，findingmoreprofitinsellingtheirwoolthantheircorn，inclosedtheirestates；thecommons，readytoperishwithhunger，roseupinarms；theyinsistedonadivisionofthelands；theyoungkingevenwroteonthissubject。Andproclamationsweremadeagainstthosewhoinclosedtheirlands。——AbridgmentoftheHistoryoftheReformation，pp。44。83。

19。Dampier，Voyages，ii，p。41。

20。Ibid。，p。167。

21。SeetheCollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，v，partI，pp。182，188。

22。Invalour，discipline，andmilitaryexercises。

23。TheGauls，whowereinthesamecircumstances，actedinthesamemanner。

24。Laws，v。

25。Republic，v。

26。Politics，vii。16。

27。Ibid。

28。Ibid。，iii。5。

29。Sixtypoundssterling。

30。Bookvi。12。

31。Bookvii，p。496。

32。IhavetreatedofthisintheConsiderationsontheCausesoftheRiseandDeclensionoftheRomanGrandeur，13。

33。Booklvi。

34。Bookii。

35。IntheyearofRome277。

36。SeewhatwasdoneinthisrespectinLivy，xlv；theEpitomeofLivy，lix；AulusGellius，i。6；ValeriusMaximus，ii。9。

37。ItisinAulusGellius，i。6。

38。SeewhatIhavesaidinBookv。19。

39。C？sar，aftertheCivilWar，havingmadeasurveyoftheRomancitizens，foundtherewerenomorethanonehundredandfiftythousandheadsoffamilies。——Florus，EpitomeofLivy，dec。12。

40。SeeDio，xliii。，andXiphilinusinAugust。

41。Dio，lib。xliii。；Suetonius，LifeofC？sar，22；Appian，OntheCivilWar，ii。

42。Eusebius，Chronicle。

43。Dio，liv。16。

44。IntheyearofRome736。

45。Juliasrogationes。——Annals，iii。25。

46。IntheyearofRome762。——Dio，lvi。i。

47。Ihaveabridgedthisspeech，whichisoftediouslength；itistobefoundinDio，lvi。

48。MarcusPapiusMutilusandQ。Popp？usSabinus。——Dio，lvi。

49。Ibid。

50。Ulpian，Fragment，tit。14，distinguishesveryrightlybetweentheJulianandthePapianlaw。

51。JamesGodfreyhasmadeacollectionofthese。

52。The35thiscitedinLeg。19，ff。deritunuptiarum。

53。Bookii。15。

54。DionysiusHalicarnassus。

55。ThedeputiesofRome，whoweresenttosearchintothelawsofGreece，wenttoAthens，andtothecitiesofItaly。

56。AulusGellius，ii。15。

57。Suetonius，LifeofAugustus，44。

58。Tacitus，ii。51：Utnumerusliberorumincandidatispr？polleret，qu