The Spirit of Laws

第38章

atfourpercentamonth,[59]andobtainedforthatpurposetwoSenatusConsulta;intheformerofwhichitwasexpresslymentionedthatthisloanshouldnotbeconsideredasanevasionofthelaw,[60]andthatthegovernorofSicilyshoulddetermineaccordingtothestipulationsmentionedinthebondoftheSalaminians。

AslendinguponinterestwasforbiddenbytheGabinianlawbetweenprovincialsandRomancitizens,andthelatteratthattimehadallthemoneyoftheglobeintheirhands,therewasanecessityfortemptingthemwiththebaitofextravagantinterest,totheendthattheavariciousmightthuslosesightofthedangeroflosingtheirmoney。

AndastheyweremenofgreatpowerinRome,whoawedthemagistratesandoverruledthelaws,theywereemboldenedtolend,andtoextortgreatusury。HencetheprovincesweresuccessivelyravagedbyeveryonewhohadanycreditinRome:andaseachgovernor,atenteringuponhisprovince,publishedhisedict[61]whereinhefixedtherateofinterestinwhatmannerhepleased,thelegislatureplayedintothehandsofavarice,andthelatterservedthemeanpurposesofthelegislator。

Butthepublicbusinessmustbecarriedon;andwhereveratotalinactionobtains,thestateisundone。Onsomeoccasionsthetowns,thecorporatebodiesandsocieties,aswellasprivatepeople,wereunderthenecessityofborrowing——anecessitybuttoourgent,wereitonlytorepairtheravagesofarmies,therapacityofmagistrates,theextortionsofcollectors,andthecorruptpracticesdailyintroduced;

forneverwasthereatoneperiodsomuchpovertyandopulence。Thesenate,beingpossessedoftheexecutivepower,granted,throughnecessity,andoftentimesthroughfavour,apermissionofborrowingfromRomancitizens,soastoenactdecreesforthatparticularpurpose。Buteventhesedecreeswerediscreditedbythelaw;fortheymightgiveoccasiontothepeople’sinsistinguponnewratesofinterest,whichwouldaugmentthedangeroflosingthecapital,whiletheymadeafurtherextensionofusury。[62]Ishalleverrepeatit,thatmankindaregovernednotbyextremes,butbyprinciplesofmoderation。

Hepaysleast,saysUlpian,whopayslatest。[63]Thisdecidesthequestionwhetherinterestbelawful;thatis,whetherthecreditorcanselltime,andthedebtorbuyit。

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1。ThesaltmadeuseofforthispurposeinAbyssiniahasthisdefect,thatitiscontinuallywastingaway。

2。Herodotus,Bk。i,tellsusthattheLydiansfoundouttheartofcoiningmoney;theGreekslearneditfromthem:theAtheniancoinhadtheimpressionoftheirancientox。IhaveseenoneofthosepiecesintheEarlofPembroke’scabinet。

3。ItisanancientcustominAlgiersforthefatherofafamilytohaveatreasureconcealedintheearth。——LaugierdeTassis,HistoryoftheKingdomofAlgiers。

4。C?sar,DeBelloCiv。,iii。

5。Tacitus,Annals,vi。17。

6。TheLawsoftheSaxons,18。

7。Seechapter12ofthisbook。

8。Supposingamarkofeightouncesofsilvertobeworthforty—ninelivres,andcoppertwentysolsperpound。

9。HistoryoftheCivilWarsoftheSpaniardsintheWestIndies。

10。InFrance,Law’sprojectwascalledbythisname。

11。Socrates,HistoryoftheChurch,ii。17。

12。Thereismuchspecieinaplacewhenthereismorespeciethanpaper;thereislittle,whenthereismorepaperthanspecie。

13。Withtheexpensesofcarriageandinsurancededucted。

14。In1744。

15。Seebookxx。23。

16。Pliny,NaturalHistory,xxxiii,art。13。

17。Ibid。

18。Theyreceivedtenouncesofcopperfortwenty。

19。Theyreceivedsixteenouncesofcopperfortwenty。

20。Pliny,xxxiii,art。5。

21。Freinshemius,dec。2,v。

22。Ibid。Theystruckalso,saysthesameauthor,halfdenarii,calledquinarii;andquarters,calledsesterces。

23。Aneighth,accordingtoBud?us;accordingtootherauthors,aseventh。

24。Pliny,NaturalHistory,xxxiii,art。13。

25。Ibid。

26。SeeFatherJoubert,ScienceofMedals,p。59,Paris,1739。

27。ExtractofVirtuesandVices。

28。SeeSavote,partII,12,andLeJournaldesSavantsofthe28thofJuly,1681,onadiscoveryoffiftythousandmedals。

29。SeeSavote,ibid。

30。Ibid。

31。Chapter21。

32。England。

33。Wedonotspeakhereofgoldandsilverconsideredasamerchandise。

34。Tacitus,Annals,vi。16。

35。UsuryandinterestamongtheRomanssignifiedthesamething。

36。SeeDionysiusHalicarnassus,whohasdescribeditsowell。

37。Usur?semisses,trientes,quadrantes。Seetheseveraltitlesofthedigestsandcodesonusury,andespeciallyLeg。17,withthenote,ff。

deusuris。

38。SeeAppius’sspeechonthissubject,inDionysiusHalicarnassus,v。

39。Annals,vi。16。

40。IntheyearofRome388。——Livy,vi。25。

41。Unciariausura。——Ibid。,vii。16。

42。Annals,vi。16。

43。UndertheconsulateofL。ManliusTorquatusandC。Plautius,accordingtoLivy,vii。27。ThisisthelawmentionedbyTacitus,Annals,vi。

44。Semiunciariausura。

45。AsTacitussays。Annals,vi。

46。ThislawwaspassedattheinstanceofM。Genucius,tribuneofthepeople。——Livy,vii,towardstheend。

47。Verterijammorefoenusreceptumerat。——Appian。OntheCivilWar,i。

48。Permisiteoslegibusagere。——Ibid。;andtheEpitomeofLivy,lxiv。

49。IntheyearofRome663。

50。Bookxi。19。

51。LetterstoAtticus,v。21。

52。Livy,xxxv。7。

53。Ibid。

54。Intheyear561ofRome。——SeeLivy,xxv。7。

55。Annals,vi。16。

56。Intheyear615ofRome。

57。SeeLetterstoAtticus,iv。15,16。

58。Ibid。,vi。i。

59。Pompeyhavinglent600talentstoKingAriobarzanes,madethatprincepayhimthirtyAttictalentseverythirtydays。——Ibid。,v。21,vi。1。

60。UtnequeSalaminiis,nequecuieisdedisset,fraudiesset。——Ibid。

61。Cicero’sedictfixedittoonepercentamonth,withinterestuponinterestattheexpirationoftheyear。Withregardtothefarmersoftherepublic,heengagedthemtograntarespitetotheirdebtors;ifthelatterdidnotpayatthetimefixed,heawardedtheinterestmentionedinthebond。——Ibid。,vi。1。

62。SeewhatLucretiussays,inthe21stlettertoAtticus,v。TherewasevenageneralSenatusConsultum,tofixtherateofinterestatonepercentpermonth。Seethesameletter。

63。Leg。12,ff。deverb。signif。

BookXXIII。OfLawsintheRelationTheyBeartotheNumberofInhabitants1。OfMenandAnimalswithrespecttotheMultiplicationoftheirSpecies。

Delightofhumankind,[1]andgodsabove;

ParentofRome,propitiousQueenofLove;

Forwhentherisingspringadornsthemead,Andanewsceneofnaturestandsdisplay’d;

Whenteemingbuds,andcheerfulgreensappear,Andwesterngalesunlockthelazyyear;

Thejoyousbirdsthywelcomefirstexpress,Whosenativesongsthygenialfireconfess:

Thensavagebeastsboundo’ertheirslightedfood,Struckwiththydarts,andtempttheragingflood:

Allnatureisthygift,earth,air,andsea;

Ofallthatbreathesthevariousprogeny,Stungwithdelight,isgoadedonbythee。

O’erbarrenmountains,o’ertheflow’ryplain,Theleafyforest,andtheliquidmain,Extendsthyuncontroll’dandboundlessreign。

Thro’allthelivingregionsthoudostmove,Andscatter’stwherethougo’stthekindlyseedsoflove。

Thefemalesofbruteshaveanalmostconstantfecundity。Butinthehumanspecies,themannerofthinking,thecharacter,thepassions,thehumour,thecaprice,theideaofpreservingbeauty,thepainofchild—bearing,andthefatigueofatoonumerousfamily,obstructpropagationinathousanddifferentways。

2。OfMarriage。Thenaturalobligationofthefathertoprovideforhischildrenhasestablishedmarriage,whichmakesknownthepersonwhooughttofulfilthisobligation。Thepeople[2]mentionedbyPomponiusMela[3]hadnootherwayofdiscovering

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