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32。Ibid。，i206。
33。Works，i，205；andDumont’sTraité；s(1820)，i，xxv，xxvi。Theword’springsofaction’perhapscomefromthemarginalnotetotheabove-mentionedpassageofLocke(bk。ii，chap。xxvi，section41，42)。
34。MoralsandLegislation，chaps。iv，v，vi。
35。See’CodificationProposal’(Works，iv，540)，whereBenthamtakesmoneyasrepresentingpleasure，andshowshowthepresentvaluemaybecalculatedlikethatofasumputouttointerest。ThesameassumptionisoftenmadebyPoliticalEconomistsinregardto’utilities’。
36。Works(’MoralsandLegislation’)，i，17n。
37。Itisnotworthwhiletoconsiderthisatlength；butIgivethefollowingconjecturalaccountofthelistasitappearsintheMoralsandLegislationabove。Inclassifyingpainorpleasure，Benthamis，Ithink，followingthecluesuggestedbyhis’sanctions’。Heisrealyclassifyingaccordingtotheircausesorthewayinwhichtheyare’annexed’。Thuspleasuremayormaynotbedependentuponotherpersons，orifuponotherpersons，maybeindirectlyordirectlycausedbytheirpleasuresorpains。Pleasuresnotcausedbypersonscorrespondtothe’physicalsanction’，andarethose(1)ofthe’senses’，(2)ofwealth，i。e。，causedbythepossessionofthings，and(3)of’skill’，i。e。，causedbyourabilitytousethings。Pleasurescausedbypersonsindirectlycorrespondfirsttothe’popularormoralsanction，’andarepleasures(4)
of’amity’，causedbythegoodwillofindividuals，and(5)ofa’goodname’，causedbythegoodwillofpeopleingeneral；secondly，to’politicalsanction，’
namely(6)pleasuresof’power’；andthirdly，tothe’religioussanction，’
or(7)pleasuresof’piety’。Alltheseare’self-regardingpleasures。’Thepleasurescauseddirectlybythepleasuresofothersarethose(8)of’benevolence’，and(9)ofmalevolence。Wethenhavewhatisreallyacrossdivisionofclassesof’deriviative’pleasures；thesebeingdueto(10)memory，(11)imagination，(12)expectation，(13)association。Toeachclassofpleasurescorrespondsaclassofpains，exceptthattherearen
