下载辰思小说免费APP
The’disposition’includessensibilitytowhathecalls’tutelarymotives’
motives，thatis，whichdeteramanfromsuchconductasgenerallyproducesmischievousconsequences。Nomotivecanbeinvariably，thoughsome，especiallythemotiveofgoodwill，andinaminordegreethoseof’amity’anda’loveofreputation，’aregenerally，ontherightside。Thelegislatorhastoreinforcethese’tutelarymotives’by’artificialtutelarymotives，’andmainlybyappealingtothe’loveofease，’thatis，bymakingmischievousconductmoredifficult，andto’self-preservation，’thatis，bymakingitmoredangerous。(49*)
Hehasthereforetomeasuretheforcebywhichthesemotiveswillbeopposed；
or，inotherwords，the’strengthofthetemptation。’Nowthemoredepravedaman’sdisposition，theweakerthetemptationwhichwillseducehimtocrime。
Consequentlyifanactshowsdepravity，itwillrequireastrongercounter-motiveoramoreseverepunishment，asthedispositionindicatedismoremischievous。
Anact，forexample，whichimpliesdeliberationprovesagreaterinsensibilitytothesesocialmotiveswhich，asBenthamremarks，(50*)determinethe’generaltenorofaman’slife，’howeverdepravedhemaybe。Thelegislatorisguidedsolelyby’utility，’oraimsatmaximisinghappinesswithoutreferencetoitsquality。Still，sofarasactionimpliesdisposition，hehastocOnsiderthedepravityasasourceofmischief。Thelegislatorwholookssolelyatthemoralqualityimpliediswrong；and，ifguidedsolelybyhissympathies，hasnomeasurefortheamountofpunishmenttobeinflicted。Theseconsiderationswillenableustoseewhatisthepropermeasureofresentment。(51*)
Thedoctrineoftheneutralityor’unmorality’ofmotiveisthussufficientlyclear。Bentham’swholeaimistourgethatthecriterionofmoralityisgivenbytheconsequencesofactions。Tosaytheconductisgoodorbadistosayinotherwordsthatitproducesabalanceofpleasureorpain。Tomakethecriterionindependent，orescapetheviciouscircle，wemustadmitthepleasuresandpainstobeinthemselvesneutral；tohave，thatis，thesamevalue，ifequallystrong，whatevertheirsource。Inourfinalbalance-sheetwemustsetdownpainsofillwillandofgoodwill，ofsenseandofintellectwithabsoluteimpartiality，andcomparethemsimplyinrespectofintensity。Wemustnotadmita’conscience’or’moralsense’whichwouldbeautocratic；
nor，indeed，allowmoraltohaveanymeaningasappliedtotheseparatepassions。
Butitisquiteconsistentwiththistoadmitthatsomemotives，goodwillinparticular，generallytendtobringoutthedesirableresult，thatis，abalanceofpleasureforthegreatestnumber。Thepainsandpleasuresaretheultimatefacts，andthe’disposition’isa’fictitiousentity’oranameforthesumofsensibilities。Itrepresentsthefactthatsomemenaremoreinclinedthanotherstoincreasethetotalofgoodorbad。
IV。CRIMINALLAW
Wehavenow，afteralonganalysis，reachedthepointatwhichtheprinciplescanbeappliedtopenallaw。Thelegislatorhastodiscouragecertainclassesofconductbyannexing’tutelarymotives。’Theclassestobesuppressedareofcoursethosewhichdiminishhappiness。Pursuingthesamemethod，andapplyingresultsalreadyreached，wemustinthefirstplaceconsiderhowthe’mischiefofanact’istobemeasured。(52*)Actsaremischievousastheir’consequences’
aremischievous；andtheconsequencesmaybe’primary’or’secondary。’Robberycausespaintotheloserofthemoney。Thatisaprimaryevil。Italarmstheholdersofmoney；itsuggeststhefacilityofrobberytoothers；anditweakensthe’tutelarymotive’ofrespectforproperty。Thesearesecondaryevils。The’secondary’evilmaybeattimesthemostimportant。Thenon-payme
