下载辰思小说免费APP
Andnowletussayinwhatcasesandunderwhatcircumstancesthemurdererisrightlyfreefromguilt：-Ifamancatchathiefcoming，intohishousebynighttosteal，andhetakeandkillhim，orifheslayafootpadinself-defence，heshallbeguiltless。Andanyonewhodoesviolencetoafreewomanorayouth，shallbeslainwithimpunitybytheinjuredperson，orbyhisorherfatherorbrothersorsons。Ifamanfindhiswifesufferingviolence，hemaykilltheviolator，andbeguiltlessintheeyeofthelaw；orifapersonkillanotherinwardingoffdeathfromhisfatherormotherorchildrenorbrethrenorwifewhoaredoingnowrong，heshallassuredlybeguiltless。
Thusmuchastothenurtureandeducationofthelivingsoulofman，havingwhich，hecan，andwithoutwhich，ifheunfortunatelybewithoutthem，hecannotlive；andalsoconcerningthepunishments：-whicharetobeinflictedforviolentdeaths，letthusmuchbeenacted。Ofthenurtureandeducationofthebodywehavespokenbefore，andnextinorderwehavetospeakofdeedsofviolence，voluntaryandinvoluntary，whichmendotooneanother；
thesewewillnowdistinguish，asfarasweareable，accordingtotheirnatureandnumber，anddeterminewhatwillbethesuitablepenaltiesofeach，andsoassigntothemtheirproperplaceintheseriesofourenactments。Thepoorestlegislatorwillhavenodifficultyindeterminingthatwoundsandmutilationsarisingoutofwoundsshouldfollownextinorderafterdeaths。Letwoundsbedividedashomicidesweredivided-intothosewhichareinvoluntary，andwhicharegiveninpassionorfromfear，andthoseinflictedvoluntarilyandwithpremeditation。Concerningallthis，wemustmakesomesuchproclamationasthefollowing：-Mankindmusthavelaws，andconformtothem，ortheirlifewouldbeasbadasthatofthemostsavagebeast。Andthereasonofthisisthatnoman’snatureisabletoknowwhatisbestforhumansociety；orknowing，alwaysableandwillingtodowhatisbest。Inthefirstplace，thereisadifficultyinapprehendingthatthetrueartorpoliticsisconcerned，notwithprivatebutwithpublicgood(forpublicgoodbindstogetherstates，butprivateonlydistractsthem)；andthatboththepublicandprivategoodaswellofindividualsasofstatesisgreaterwhenthestateandnottheindividualisfirstconsidered。
Inthesecondplace，althoughapersonknowsintheabstractthatthisistrue，yetifhebepossessedofabsoluteandirresponsiblepower，hewillneverremainfirminhisprinciplesorpersistinregardingthepublicgoodasprimaryinthestate，andtheprivategoodassecondary。Humannaturewillbealwaysdrawinghimintoavariceandselfishness，avoidingpainandpursuingPleasurewithoutanyreason，andwillbringthesetothefront，obscuringthejusterandbetter；
andsoworkingdarknessinhissoulwillatlastfillwithevilsbothhimandthewholecity。Forifamanwerebornsodivinelygiftedthathecouldnaturallyapprehendthetruth，hewouldhavenoneedoflawstoruleoverhim；forthereisnolawororderwhichisaboveknowledge，norcanmind，withoutimpiety，bedeemedthesubjectorslaveofanyman，butratherthelordofall。Ispeakofmind，trueandfree，andinharmonywithnature。Butthenthereisnosuchmindanywhere，oratleastnotmuch；andthereforewemustchooselawandorder，whicharesecondbest。Theselookatthingsastheyexistforthemostpartonly，andareunabletosurveythewholeofthem。AndthereforeIhavespokenasIhave。
Andnowwewilldeterminewhatpenaltyheoughttopayorsufferwhohashurtorwoundedanother。Anyonemayeasilyimaginethequestionswhichhavetobeaskedinallsuchcases：-Whatdidhewound，orwhom，orhow，orwhen？forthereareinnumerableparticularsofthissortwhichgreatlyvaryfromoneanother。Andtoallowcourtsoflawtodetermineallthesethings，ornottodetermineanyofthem，isalikeimpossible。Thereisoneparticularwhichtheymustdetermineinallcases-thequestionoffact。Andthen，again，thatthelegislatorshouldnotpermitthemtodeterminewhatpunishmentistobeinflictedinanyofthesecases，butshouldhimselfdecideabout，ofthem，smallorgreat，isnexttoimpossible。
Cle。Thenwhatistobetheinference？
Ath。Theinferenceis，thatsomethingsshouldbelefttocourtsoflaw；othersthelegislatormustdecideforhimself。
Cle。Andwhatoughtthelegislatortodecide，andwhatoughthetoleavetocourtsoflaw？
Ath。Imayreply，thatinastateinwhichthecourtsarebadandmute，becausethejudgesconcealtheiropinionsanddecidecausesclandestinely；orwhatisworse，whentheyaredisorderlyandnoisy，asinatheatre，clappingorhootinginturnthisorthatorator-Isaythatthenthereisaveryseriousevil，whichaffectsthewholestate。
Unfortunateisthenecessityofhavingtolegislateforsuchcourts，butwherethenecessityexists，thelegislatorshouldonlyallowthemtoordainthepenaltiesforthesmallestoffences；ifthestateforwhichheislegislatingbeofthischaracter，hemusttakemostmattersintohisownhandsandspeakdistinctly。But
