LAWS

第44章

andthehomicidesshallabidebytheirjudgment。Butifaftertheyhavereturnedhome,anyoneoftheminamomentofangerrepeatsthedeed,lethimbeanexile,andreturnnomore;orifhereturns,lethimsufferasthestrangerwastosufferinasimilarcase。Hewhokillshisownslaveshallundergoapurification,butifhekillstheslaveofanotherinanger,heshallpaytwicetheamountofthelosstohisowner。Andifanyhomicideisdisobedienttothelaw,andwithoutpurificationpollutestheagora,orthegames,orthetemples,hewhopleasesmaybringtotrialthenextofkintothedeadmanforpermittinghim,andthemurdererwithhim,andmaycompeltheonetoexactandtheothertosufferadoubleamountoffinesandpurifications;andtheaccusershallhimselfreceivethefineinaccordancewiththelaw。Ifaslaveinafitofpassionkillshismaster,thekindredofthedeceasedmanmaydowiththemurderer(providedonlytheydonotsparehislife)whatevertheyplease,andtheywillbepure;orifhekillsafreeman,whoisnothismaster,theownershallgiveuptheslavetotherelativesofthedeceased,andtheyshallbeunderanobligationtoputhimtodeath,butthismaybedoneinanymannerwhichtheyplease。

Andif(whichisarareoccurrence,butdoessometimeshappen)afatheroramotherinamomentofpassionslaysasonordaughterbyblows,orsomeotherviolence,theslayershallundergothesamepurificationasinothercases,andbeexiledduringthreeyears;

butwhentheexilereturnsthewifeshallseparatefromthehusband,andthehusbandfromthewife,andtheyshallneverafterwardsbegetchildrentogether,orliveunderthesameroof,orpartakeofthesamesacredriteswiththosewhomtheyhavedeprivedofachildorofabrother。Andhewhoisimpiousanddisobedientinsuchacaseshallbebroughttotrialforimpietybyanyonewhopleases。Ifinafitofangerahusbandkillshisweddedwife,orthewifeherhusband,theslayershallundergothesamepurification,andthetermofexileshallbethreeyears。Andwhenhewhohascommittedanysuchcrimereturns,lethimhavenocommunicationinsacredriteswithhischildren,neitherlethimsitatthesametablewiththem,andthefatherorsonwhodisobeysshallbeliabletobebroughttotrialforimpietybyanyonewhopleases。Ifabrotherorasisterinafitofpassionkillsabrotherorasister,theyshallundergopurificationandexile,aswasthecasewithparentswhokilledtheiroffspring:theyshallnotcomeunderthesameroof,orshareinthesacredritesofthosewhomtheyhavedeprivedoftheirbrethren,oroftheirchildren。

Andhewhoisdisobedientshallbejustlyliabletothelawconcerningimpiety,whichrelatestothesematters。Ifanyoneissoviolentinhispassionagainsthisparents,thatinthemadnessofhisangerhedarestokilloneofthem,ifthemurderedpersonbeforedyingfreelyforgivesthemurderer,lethimundergothepurificationwhichisassignedtothosewhohavebeenguiltyofinvoluntaryhomicide,anddoastheydo,andheshallbepure。Butifhebenotacquitted,theperpetratorofsuchadeedshallbeamenabletomanylaws;-heshallbeamenabletotheextremepunishmentsforassault,andimpiety,androbbingoftemples,forhehasrobbedhisparentoflife;

andifamancouldbeslainmorethanonce,mostjustlywouldhewhoinafitofpassionhasslainfatherormother,undergomanydeaths。

Howcanhe,whom,aloneofallmen,evenindefenceofhislife,andwhenabouttosufferdeathatthehandsofhisparents,nolawwillallowtokillhisfatherorhismotherwhoaretheauthorsofhisbeing,andwhomthelegislatorwillcommandtoendureanyextremityratherthandothis-howcanhe,Isay,lawfullyreceiveanyotherpunishment?Letdeaththenbetheappointedpunishmentofhimwhoinafitofpassionslayshisfatherorhismother。Butifbrotherkillsbrotherinacivilbroil,orunderotherlikecircumstances,iftheotherhasbegun,andheonlydefendshimself,lethimbefreefromguilt,ashewouldbeifhehadslainanenemy;andthesamerulewillapplyifacitizenkillacitizen,orastrangerastranger。Orifastrangerkillacitizenoracitizenastrangerinself-defence,lethimbefreefromguiltinlikemanner;andsointhecaseofaslavewhohaskilledaslave;butifaslavehavekilledafreemaninself-defence,lethimbesubjecttothesamelawashewhohaskilledafather;andletthelawabouttheremissionofpenaltiesinthecaseofparricideapplyequallytoeveryotherremission。Wheneveranysuffererofhisownaccordremitstheguiltofhomicidetoanother,undertheideathathisactwasinvoluntary,lettheperpetratorofthedeedundergoapurificationandremaininexileforayear,accordingtolaw。

Enoughhasbeensaidofmurdersviolentandinvoluntaryandcommittedinpassion:wehavenowtospeakofvoluntarycrimesdonewithinjusticeofeverykindandwithpremeditation,throughtheinfluenceofpleasures,anddesires,andjealousies。

Cle。Verygood。

Ath。Letusfirstspeak,asfarasweareable,oftheirvariouskinds。Thegreatestcauseofthemislust,whichgetsthemasteryofthesoulmaddenedbydesire;andthisismostcommonlyfoundtoexistwherethepassionreignswhichisstrongestandmostprevalentamongmassofmankind:Imeanwherethepowerofwealthbreedsendlessdesiresofnever-to-be-satisfiedacquisition,originatin

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