第63章

Withthedevelopmentofcapitalistproductionduringthemanufacturingperiod，thepublicopinionofEuropehadlostthelastremnantofshameandconscience。Thenationsbraggedcynicallyofeveryinfamythatservedthemasameanstocapitalisticaccumulation。Read，e。g。，thenaïveAnnalsofCommerceoftheworthyA。Anderson。HereitistrumpetedforthasatriumphofEnglishstatecraftthatatthePeaceofUtrecht，EnglandextortedfromtheSpaniardsbytheAsientoTreatytheprivilegeofbeingallowedtoplythenegro—trade，untilthenonlycarriedonbetweenAfricaandtheEnglishWestIndies，betweenAfricaandSpanishAmericaaswell。

EnglandtherebyacquiredtherightofsupplyingSpanishAmericauntil1743

with4，800negroesyearly。Thisthrew，atthesametime，anofficialcloakoverBritishsmuggling。Liverpoolwaxedfatontheslave—trade。Thiswasitsmethodofprimitiveaccumulation。And，eventothepresentday，Liverpool"respectability"isthePindaroftheslave—tradewhich？comparetheworkofAikin[1795]alreadyquoted？"hascoincidedwiththatspiritofboldadventurewhichhascharacterisedthetradeofLiverpoolandrapidlycarriedittoitspresentstateofprosperity;hasoccasionedvastemploymentforshippingandsailors，andgreatlyaugmentedthedemandforthemanufacturesofthecountry"（p。339）。Liverpoolemployedintheslave—trade，in1730，15ships;in1751，53;in1760，74;in1770，96;andin1792，132。

Whilstthecottonindustryintroducedchild—slaveryinEngland，itgaveintheUnitedStatesastimulustothetransformationoftheearlier，moreorlesspatriarchalslavery，intoasystemofcommercialexploitation。

Infact，theveiledslaveryofthewage—workersinEuropeneeded，foritspedestal，slaverypureandsimpleinthenewworld。’

Tantaemoliserat，toestablishthe"eternallawsofNature"ofthecapitalistmodeofproduction，tocompletetheprocessofseparationbetweenlabourersandconditionsoflabour，totransform，atonepole，thesocialmeansofproductionandsubsistenceintocapital，attheoppositepole，themassofthepopulationintowage—labourers，into"freelabouringpoor，"

thatartificialproductofmodernsociety。[13]Ifmoney，AccordingtoAugier，[14]"comesintotheworldwithacongenitalblood—stainononecheek，"capitalcomesdrippingfromheadtofoot，fromeverypore，withbloodanddirt。[15]

Footnotes[1]Industrialhereincontradistinctiontoagricultural。Inthe"categoric"

sensethefarmerisanindustrialcapitalistasmuchasthemanufacturer。

[2]"TheNaturalandArtificialRightsofPropertyContrasted。"Lond。，1832，pp。98—99。Authoroftheanonymouswork:"Th。Hodgskin。"

[3]Evenaslateas1794，thesmallcloth—makersofLeedssentadeputationtoParliament，withapetitionforalawtoforbidanymerchantfrombecomingamanufacturer。（Dr。Aikin，l。c。）

[4]WilliamHowitt:"ColonisationandChristianity:APopularHistoryoftheTreatmentoftheNativesbytheEuropeansinalltheirColonies。"London，1838，p。9。OnthetreatmentoftheslavesthereisagoodcompilationinCharlesComte，"TraitédelaLégislation。"3meéd。

Bruxelles，1837。Thissubjectonemuststudyindetail，toseewhatthebourgeoisiemakesofitselfandofthelabourer，whereveritcan，withoutrestraint，modeltheworldafteritsownimage。

[5]ThomasStamfordRaffles，lateLieut—Gov。ofthatisland:"TheHistoryofJava，"Lond。，1817。

[6]Intheyear1866morethanamillionHindusdiedofhungerintheprovinceofOrissaalone。Nevertheless，theattemptwasmadetoenrichtheIndiantreasurybythepriceatwhichthenecessariesoflifeweresoldtothestarvingpeople。

[7]WilliamCobbettremarksthatinEnglandallpublicinstitutionsaredesignated"royal";ascompensationforthis，however，thereisthe"national"debt。

[8]"SilesTartaresinondaientI’Europeaujourd’hui，ilfaudraitbiendesaffairespourleurfaireentendrecequec’estqu’unfinancierparminous。"

Montesquieu，"Espritdeslois，"t。iv。，p。33，ed。Londres，1769。

[9]Mirabeau，l。c。，t。vi。，p。101。

[10]Eden，l。c。，Vol。I。，BookII。，Ch。1。，p。421。

[11]JohnFielden，l。c。，pp。5，6。Ontheearlierinfamiesofthefactorysystem，cf。Dr。Aikin（I795），l。c。，p。219。andGisbome:"EnquiryintotheDutiesofMen，"1795Vol。II。Whenthesteam—enginetransplantedthefactoriesfromthecountrywaterfallstothemiddleoftowns，the"abstemious"surplus—valuemakerfoundthechild—materialreadytohishand，withoutbeingforcedtoseekslavesfromtheworkhouses。WhenSirR。Peel（fatherofthe"ministerofplausibility"），broughtinhisbillfortheprotectionofchildren，in1815，FrancisHomer，lumenoftheBillionCommitteeandintimatefriendofRicardo，saidintheHouseofCommons:"Itisnotorious，thatwithabankrupt’seffects，agang，ifhemightusetheword，ofthesechildrenhadbeenputuptosale，andwereadvertisedpubliclyaspartoftheproperty。

AmostatrociousinstancehadbeenbroughtbeforetheCourtofKing’sBenchtwoyearsbefore，inwhichanumberoftheseboys，apprenticedbyaparishinLondontoonemanufacturer，hadbeentransferredtoanother，andhadbeenfoundbysomebenevolentpersonsinastateofabsolutefamine。Anothercasemorehorriblehadcometohisknowledgewhileona[Parliamentary]

Committee……thatnotmanyyearsago，anagreementhadbeenmadebetweenaLondonparishandaLancashiremanufacturer，bywhichitwasstipulated，thatwithevery20soundchildrenoneidiotshouldbetaken。"

[12]In1790，therewereintheEnglishWestIndiestenslavesforonefreeman，intheFrenchfourteenforone，intheDutchtwenty—threeforone。

（HenryBrougham:"AnInquiryintotheColonialPolicyoftheEuropeanPowers。"

Edin。1803，vol。II。，p。74。）

[13]Thephrase，"labouringpoor，"isfoundinEnglishlegislationfromthemomentwhentheclassofwage—labourersbecomesnoticeable。Thistermisusedinopposition，ontheonehand，tothe"idlepoor，"beggars，etc。，ontheothertothoselabourers，who，pigeonsnotyetplucked，arestillpossessorsoftheirownmeansoflabour。FromtheStatuteBookitpassedintoPoliticalEconomy，andwashandeddownbyCulpeper，J。Child，etc。，toAdamSmithandEden。Afterthis，onecanjudgeofthegoodfaithofthe"execrablepoliticalcant—monger，"EdmundBurke，whenhecalledtheexpression，"labouringpoor，"？"execrablepoliticalcant。"Thissycophantwho，inthepayoftheEnglisholigarchy，playedtheromanticlaudatortemporisactiagainsttheFrenchRevolution，justas，inthepayoftheNorthAmericanColonies，atthebeginningoftheAmericantroubles，hehadplayedtheLiberalagainsttheEnglisholigarchy，wasanoutandoutvulgarbourgeois。"ThelawsofcommercearethelawsofNature，andthereforethelawsofGod。"（E。Burke，l。c。，pp。31，32。）Nowonderthat，truetothelawsofGodandofNature，healwayssoldhimselfinthebestmarket。

AverygoodportraitofthisEdmundBurke，duringhisliberaltime，istobefoundinthewritingsoftheRev。Mr。Tucker。TuckerwasaparsonandaTory，but，fortherest，anhonourablemanandacompetentpoliticaleconomist。Infaceoftheinfamouscowardiceofcharacterthatreignsto—day，andbelievesmostdevoutlyin"thelawsofcommerce，"itisourboundendutyagainandagaintobrandtheBurkes，whoonlydifferfromtheirsuccessorsinonething？talent。

[14]MarieAngier:"DuCréditPublic。"Paris，1842。

[15]"CapitalissaidbyaQuarterlyReviewertoflyturbulenceandstrife，andtobetimid，whichisverytrue;butthisisveryincompletelystatingthequestion。Capitaleschewsnoprofit，orverysmallprofit，justasNaturewasformerlysaidtoabhoravacuum。Withadequateprofit，capitalisverybold。Acertain10percent。willensureitsemploymentanywhere;

20percent。certainwillproduceeagerness;50percent。，positiveaudacity;

100percent。willmakeitreadytotrampleonallhumanlaws;300percent。，andthereisnotacrimeatwhichitwillscruple，norariskitwillnotrun，eventothechanceofitsownerbeinghanged。Ifturbulenceandstrifewillbringaprofit，itwillfreelyencourageboth。Smugglingandtheslave—tradehaveamplyprovedallthatisherestated。"（T。J。

Dunning，l。c。，pp。35，36。）

ChapterThirtyTwoKarlMarxCapitalVolumeOnePartVIII:

PrimativeAccumulationCHAPTERTHIRTY—TWO:

HISTORICALTENDENCYOFCAPITALISTACCUMULATION

Whatdoestheprimitiveaccumulationofcapital，i。e。，itshistoricalgenesis，resolveitselfinto？Insofarasitisnotimmediatetransformationofslavesandserfsintowage—laborers，andthereforeamerechangeofform，itonlymeanstheexpropriationoftheimmediateproducers，i。e。，thedissolutionofprivatepropertybasedonthelaborofitsowner。Privateproperty，astheantithesistosocial，collectiveproperty，existsonlywherethemeansoflaborandtheexternalconditionsoflaborbelongtoprivateindividuals。Butaccordingastheseprivateindividualsarelaborersornotlaborers，privatepropertyhasadifferentcharacter。Thenumberlessshades，thatitatfirstsightpresents，correspondtotheintermediatestageslyingbetweenthesetwoextremes。Theprivatepropertyofthelaborerinhismeansofproductionisthefoundationofpettyindustry，whetheragricultural，manufacturing，orboth;pettyindustry，again，isanessentialconditionforthedevelopmentofsocialproductionandofthefreeindividualityofthelaborerhimself。Ofcourse，thispettymodeofproductionexistsalsounderslavery，serfdom，andotherstatesofdependence。Butitflourishes，itletslooseitswholeenergy，itattainsitsadequateclassicalform，onlywherethelaboreristheprivateownerofhisownmeansoflaborsetinactionbyhimself:thepeasantofthelandwhichhecultivates，theartisanofthetoolwhichhehandlesasavirtuoso。Thismodeofproductionpre—supposesparcellingofthesoilandscatteringoftheothermeansofproduction。Asitexcludestheconcentrationofthesemeansofproduction，soalsoitexcludesco—operation，divisionoflaborwithineachseparateprocessofproduction，thecontrolover，andtheproductiveapplicationoftheforcesofNaturebysociety，andthefreedevelopmentofthesocialproductivepowers。Itiscompatibleonlywithasystemofproduction，andasociety，movingwithinnarrowandmoreorlessprimitivebounds。Toperpetuateitwouldbe，asPecqueurrightlysays，"todecreeuniversalmediocrity"。

Atacertainstageofdevelopment，itbringsforththematerialagenciesforitsowndissolution。Fromthatmomentnewforcesandnewpassionsspringupinthebosomofsociety;buttheoldsocialorganizationfettersthemandkeepsthemdown。Itmustbeannihilated;itisannihilated。Itsannihilation，thetransformationoftheindividualizedandscatteredmeansofproductionintosociallyconcentratedones，ofthepigmypropertyofthemanyintothehugepropertyofthefew，theexpropriationofthegreatmassofthepeoplefromthesoil，fromthemeansofsubsistence，andfromthemeansoflabor，thisfearfulandpainfulexpropriationofthemassofthepeopleformsthepreludetothehistoryofcapital。Itcomprisesaseriesofforciblemethods，ofwhichwehavepassedinreviewonlythosethathavebeenepoch—makingasmethodsoftheprimitiveaccumulationofcapital。TheexpropriationoftheimmediateproducerswasaccomplishedwithmercilessVandalism，andunderthestimulusofpassionsthemostinfamous，themostsordid，thepettiest，themostmeanlyodious。Self—earnedprivateproperty，thatisbased，sotosay，onthefusingtogetheroftheisolated，independentlaboring—individualwiththeconditionsofhislabor，issupplantedbycapitalisticprivateproperty，whichrestsonexploitationofthenominallyfreelaborofothers，i。e。，onwage—labor。[1]

Assoonasthisprocessoftransformationhassufficientlydecomposedtheoldsocietyfromtoptobottom，assoonasthelaborersareturnedintoproletarians，theirmeansoflaborintocapital，assoonasthecapitalistmodeofproductionstandsonitsownfeet，thenthefurthersocializationoflaborandfurthertransformationofthelandandothermeansofproductionintosociallyexploitedand，therefore，commonmeansofproduction，aswellasthefurtherexpropriationofprivateproprietors，takesanewform。

Thatwhichisnowtobeexpropriatedisnolongerthelaborerworkingforhimself，butthecapitalistexploitingmanylaborers。Thisexpropriationisaccomplishedbytheactionoftheimmanentlawsofcapitalisticproductionitself，bythecentralizationofcapital。Onecapitalistalwayskillsmany。

Handinhandwiththiscentralization，orthisexpropriationofmanycapitalistsbyfew，develop，onanever—extendingscale，theco—operativeformofthelabor—process，theconscioustechnicalapplicationofscience，themethodicalcultivationofthesoil，thetransformationoftheinstrumentsoflaborintoinstrumentsoflaboronlyusableincommon，theeconomizingofallmeansofproductionbytheiruseasmeansofproductionofcombined，socializedlabor，theentanglementofallpeoplesinthenetoftheworld—market，andwiththis，theinternationalcharacterofthecapitalisticregime。

Alongwiththeconstantlydiminishingnumberofthemagnatesofcapital，whousurpandmonopolizealladvantagesofthisprocessoftransformation，growsthemassofmisery，oppression，slavery，degradation，exploitation;

butwiththistoogrowstherevoltoftheworking—class，aclassalwaysincreasinginnumbers，anddisciplined，united，o