第42章

123。）Theconcludingstatementinthisquotationrefersexclusivelytoshoemaking。

[191]Inglove—makingandotherindustrieswheretheconditionofthework—peopleishardlydistinguishablefromthatofpaupers，thisdoesnotoccur。

[192]l。c。，p。83，n。122。

[193]InthewholesalebootandshoetradeofLeicesteralone，therewerein1864，800sewing—machinesalreadyinuse。

[194]l。c。，p。84，n。124。

[195]Instances:TheArmyClothingDepotatPimlico，London，theShirtfactoryofTillieandHendersonatLondonderry，andtheclothesfactoryofMessrs。

TaitatLimerickwhichemploysabout1，200hands。

[196]"TendencytoFactorySystem"（l。c。，p。lxvii）。"Thewholeemploymentisatthistimeinastateoftransition，andisundergoingthesameChangeasthateffectedinthelacetrade，weaving，&c。"（l。c。，n。405。）

"Acompleterevolution"（l。c。，p。xlvi。，n。318）。AtthedateoftheChild。

Empl。Comm。of1840stockingmakingwasstilldonebymanuallabour。Since1846varioussortsofmachineshavebeenintroduced，whicharenowdrivenbysteam。Thetotalnumberofpersonsofbothsexesandofallagesfrom3yearsupwards，employedinstockingmakinginEngland，wasin1862about129，000。Oftheseonly4，063were，accordingtotheParliamentaryReturnofthe11thFebruary，1862，workingundertheFactoryActs。

[197]Thus，e。g。，intheearthenwaretrade，Messrs。Cochrane，oftheBritainPottery，Glasgow，report:"Tokeepupourquantitywehavegoneextensivelyintomachineswroughtbyunskilledtabour，andeverydayconvincesusthatwecanproduceagreaterquantitythanbytheoldmethod。"（"Rep。ofInsp。

ofFact。，31stOct。，1865，"p。13。）"TheeffectoftheFact。Actsistoforceonthefurtherintroductionofmachinery"（l。c。，pp。13—14）。

[198]Thus，aftertheextensionoftheFactoryActtothepotteries，greatincreaseofpowerjiggersinplaceofhand—movedjiggers。

[199]"Reportoflnsp。ofFact。，31stOct。，1865，"pp。96and127。

[200]Theintroductionofthisandothermachineryintomatch—makingcausedinonedepartmentalone230youngpersonstobereplacedby32boysandgirlsof14to17yearsofage。Thissavinginlabourwascarriedstillfurtherin1865，bytheemploymentofsteampower。

[201]"Ch。Empl。Comm。，11。Rep。，1864，"p。ix。，n。50。

[202]"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，31stOct。，1865，"p……22。

[203]"Butitmustbeborneinmindthatthoseimprovements，thoughcarriedoutfullyinsomeestablishments，arebynomeansgeneral，andarenotcapableofbeingbroughtintouseinmanyoftheoldmanufactorieswithoutanexpenditureofcapitalbeyondthemeansofmanyofthepresentoccupiers。""Icannotbutrejoice，"writesSub—Insp。May，"thatnotwithstandingthetemporarydisorganisationwhichinevitablyfollowstheintroductionofsuchameasure（astheFactoryActExtensionAct），andis，indeed，directlyindicativeoftheevilswhichitwasintendedtoremedy，&c。"（Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，31stOct。，1865。）

[204]Withblastfurnaces，forinstance，"worktowardstheendoftheweekbeinggenerallymuchincreasedindurationinconsequenceofthehabitofthemenofidlingonMondayandoccasionallyduringapartorthewholeofTuesdayalso。"（"Child。Empl。Comm。，III。Rep。，"p。vi。）"Thelittlemastersgenerallyhaveveryirregularhours。Theylosetwoorthreedays，andthenworkallnighttomakeitup……Theyalwaysemploytheirownchildren，iftheyhaveany。"（l。c。，p。vii。）"Thewantofregularityincomingtowork，encouragedbythepossibilityandpracticeofmakingupforthisbyworkinglongerhours。"（l。c。，p。xviii。）"InBirmingham……anenormousamountoftimeislost……idlingpartofthetime，slavingtherest。"

（l。c。，p。xi。）

[205]"Child。Empl。Comm。，IV。，Rep。，"p。xxxii。，"Theextensionoftherailwaysystemissaidtohavecontributedgreatlytothiscustomofgivingsuddenorders，andtheconsequenthurry，neglectofmeal—times，andlatehoursoftheworkpeople。"（l。c。，p。xxxi。）

[206]"Ch。Empl。Comm，IV。Rep。，"pp。xxxv。，n。235，237。

[207]"Ch。Empl。Comm。IV。Rep。，"p。127，n。56。

[208]Withrespecttothelossoftradebynon—completionofshippingordersintime，Irememberthatthiswasthepetargumentofthefactorymastersin1832and1833。Nothingthatcanheadvancednowonthissubject，couldhavetheforcethatithadthen，beforesteamhadhalvedalldistancesandestablishednewregulationsfortransit。Itquitefailedatthattimeofproofwhenputtothetest，andagainitwillcertainlyfailshouldithavetobetried。"（"ReportsofInsp。ofFact。，31Oct。，1862，"pp。

54，55。）

[208a]"Ch。Empl。Comm。IV。Rep。，"p。xviii，n。118。

[208b]JohnBellersremarkedasfarbackas1699:"Theuncertaintyoffashionsdoesincreasenecessitouspoor。Ithastwogreatmischiefsinit。1st，Thejourneymenaremiserableinwinterforwantofwork，themercersandmaster—weaversnotdaringtolayouttheirstockstokeepthejourneymenemployedbeforethespringcomes，andtheyknowwhatthefashionwillthenbe;2ndly，Inthespringthejourneymenarenotsufficient，butthemaster—weaversmustdrawinmanyprentices，thattheymaysupplythetradeofthekingdominaquarterorhalfayear，whichrobstheploughofhands，drainsthecountryoflabourers，andinagreatpartstocksthecitywithbeggars，andstarvessomeinwinterthatareashamedtobeg。"（"EssaysaboutthePoor，Manufactures，&c。，"p。9。）

[209]"Ch。Empl。Comm。V。Rep。，"p。171，n。34。

[210]TheevidenceofsomeBradfordexport—housesisasfollows:"Underthesecircumstances，itseemsclearthatnoboysneedbeworkedlongerthanfrom8a。m。to7or7。30p。m。，inmakingup。Itismerelyaquestionofextrahandsandextraoutlay。Ifsomemasterswerenotsogreedy，theboyswouldnotworklate;anextramachinecostsonly£16or£18;muchofsuchover—timeasdoesoccuristobereferredtoaninsufficiencyofappliances，andawantofspace。""Ch。Empl，Comm。V。Rep。，"p。171，n。

35，36，38。

[211]l。c。ALondonmanufacturer，whoinotherrespectslooksuponthecompulsoryregulationofthehoursoflabourasaprotectionfortheworkpeopleagainstthemanufacturers，andforthemanufacturersthemselvesagainstthewholesaletrade，states:"Thepressureinourbusinessiscausedbytheshippers，whowant，e。g。，tosendthegoodsbysailingvesselsoastoreachtheirdestinationatagivenseason，andatthesametimewanttopocketthedifferenceinfreightbetweenasailingvesselandasteamship，orwhoselecttheearlieroftwosteamshipsinordertobeintheforeignmarketbeforetheircompetitors。"

[212]"Thiscouldbeobviated，"saysamanufacturer，"attheexpenseofanenlargementoftheworksunderthepressureofaGeneralActofParliament。"l。c。，p。x。，n。38。

[213]l。c。，p。xv。，n。72。sqq。

[214]"Rep。Insp。Fact。，31stOctober，1865，"p。127。

[215]Ithasbeenfoundoutbyexperiment，thatwitheachrespirationofaverageintensitymadebyahealthyaverageindividual，about25cubicinchesofairareconsumed，andthatabout20respirationsaremadeineachminute。

Hencetheairinhaledin24hoursbyeachindividualisabout720，000cubicinches，or416cubicfeet。Itisclear，however，thatairwhichhasbeenoncebreathed，cannolongerserveforthesameprocessuntilithasbeenpurifiedinthegreatworkshopofNature。AccordingtotheexperimentsofValentinandBrunner，itappearsthatahealthymangivesoffabout1，300cubicinchesofcarbonicacidperhour;thiswouldgiveabout8ouncesofsolidcarbonthrownofffromthelungsin24hours。"Everymanshouldhaveatleast800cubicfeet。"（Huxley。）

[216]AccordingtotheEnglishFactoryAct，parentscannotsendtheirchildrenunder14yearsofageintoFactoriesunderthecontroloftheAct，unlessatthesametimetheyallowthemtoreceiveelementaryeducation。ThemanufacturerisresponsibleforcompliancewiththeAct。"Factoryeducationiscompulsory，anditisaconditionoflabour。"（"Rep。Insp。Fact。，31stOct。，1865，"

p。111。）

[217]Ontheveryadvantageousresultsofcombininggymnastics（anddrillinginthecaseofboys）withcompulsoryeducationforfactorychildrenandpauperscholars，seethespeechofN。W。Seniorattheseventhannualcongressof"TheNationalAssociationforthePromotionofSocialScience，"in"ReportofProceedings，&c。，"Lond。1863，pp。63，64，alsothe"Rep。Insp。

Fact。，31stOct。，1865，"pp。118，119，120，126，sqq。

[218]"Rep。Insp。Fact。，31stOct。，1865，"p。118。AsilkmanufacturernaivelystatestotheChildren’sEmploymentCommissioners:"Iamquitesurethatthetruesecretofproducingefficientworkpeopleistobefoundinunitingeducationandtabourfromaperiodofchildhood。Ofcoursetheoccupationmustnotbetoosevere，norirksome，orunhealthy。ButoftheadvantageoftheunionIhavenodoubt。Iwishmyownchildrencouldhavesomeworkaswellasplaytogivevarietytotheirschooling。"（"Ch。Empl。Comm。

V。Rep。，"p。82，n。36。）

[219]Senior，l。c。，p。66。HowModernIndustry，whenithasattainedtoacertainpitch，iscapable，bytherevolutioniteffectsinthemodeofproductionandinthesocialconditionsofproduction，ofalsorevolutionisingpeople’sminds，isstrikinglyshownbyacomparisonofSenior’sspeechin1863，withhisphilippicagainsttheFactoryActof1833;orbyacomparison，oftheviewsofthecongressabovereferredto，withthefactthatincertaincountrydistrictsofEnglandpoorparentsareforbidden，onpainofdeathbystarvation，toeducatetheirchildren。Thus，e。g。，Mr。SnellreportsittobeacommonoccurrenceinSomersetshirethat，whenapoorpersonclaimsparishrelief，heiscompelledtotakehischildrenfromschool。

Mr。Wollarton，theclergymanatFeltham，alsotellsofcaseswhereallreliefwasdeniedtocertainfamilies"becausetheyweresendingtheirchildrentoschool！"

[220]Whereverhandicraft—machines，drivenbymen，competedirectlyorindirectlywithmorede