第25章

[94]l。c。，p。242。

[95]l。c。"TheFrench，"hesays，"laughatourenthusiasticideasofliberty。"

l。c。，p。78。

[96]"Theyespeciallyobjectedtoworkbeyondthe12hoursperday，becausethelawwhichfixedthosehours，istheonlygoodwhichremainstothemofthelegislationoftheRepublic。"（"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。"，31stOctober，1856，p。80。）TheFrenchTwelveHours’BillofSeptember5th，1850，abourgeoiseditionofthedecreeoftheProvisionalGovernmentofMarch2nd，1848，holdsinallworkshopswithoutexceptions。Beforethislawtheworking—dayinFrancewaswithoutdefinitelimit。Itlastedinthefactories14，15，ormorehours。See&’DesclassesouvrieresenFrance，pendantl’annee1848。ParM。Blanqui。"M。Blanquitheeconomist，nottheRevolutionist，hadbeenentrustedbytheGovernmentwithaninquiryintotheconditionoftheworking—class。

[97]Belgiumisthemodelbourgeoisstateinregardtotheregulationoftheworking—day。LordHowardofWelden，EnglishPlenipotentiaryatBrussels，reportstotheForeignOfficeMay12th，1862:"M。Rogier，theminister，informedmethatchildren’slabourislimitedneitherbyagenerallawnorbyanylocalregulations;thattheGovernment，duringthelastthreeyears，intendedineverysessiontoproposeabillonthesubject，butalwaysfoundaninsuperableobstacleinthejealousoppositiontoanylegislationincontradictionwiththeprincipleofperfectfreedomoflabour。"

[98]Itiscertainlymuchtoberegrettedthatanyclassofpersonsshouldtoil12hoursaday，which，includingthetimefortheirmealsandforgoingtoandreturningfromtheirwork，amounts，infact，to14ofthe24hours……

Withoutenteringintothequestionofhealth，noonewillhesitate，Ithink，toadmitthat，inamoralpointofview，soentireanabsorptionofthetimeoftheworking—classes，withoutintermission，fromtheearlyageof13，andintradesnotsubjecttorestriction，muchyounger，mustbeextremelyprejudicial，andisanevilgreatlytobedeplored……Forthesake，therefore，ofpublicmorals。ofbringingupanorderlypopulation，andofgivingthegreatbodyofthepeopleareasonableenjoymentoflife，itismuchtobedesiredthatinalltradessomeportionofeveryworking—dayshouldbereservedforrestandleisure。"（LeonardHomerin``ReportsofInsp。ofFact。for31stDec。，1841。"）

[99]See"JudgmentofMr。J。H。Otway，Belfast。HilarySessions，CountyAntrim，1860。"

[100]ItisverycharacteristicoftheregimeofLouisPhilippe，thebourgeoisking，thattheoneFactoryActpassedduringhisreign，thatofMarch22nd，1841，wasneverputinforce。Andthislawonlydealtwithchild—labour。

Itfixed8hoursadayforchildrenbetween8and12，12hoursforchildrenbetween12and16，&c。，withmanyexceptionswhichallownight—workevenforchildren8yearsold。Thesupervisionandenforcementofthislaware，inacountrywhereeverymouseisunderpoliceadministration，lefttothegood—willoftheamisducommerce。Onlysince1853，inonesingledepartment？theDepartementduNord？hasapaidgovernmentinspectorbeenappointed。NotlesscharacteristicofthedevelopmentofFrenchsociety，generally，isthefact，thatLouisPhilippe~slawstoodsolitaryamongtheall—embracingmassofFrenchlaws，tilltheRevolutionof1848。

[101]ReportofInsn。ofFact。"30thApril，1860，p。50。

[102]"Rept。ofInsp。ofFact。，"31stOctober，1849，p。6。

[103]"Rept。ofInsp。ofFact。，"31stOctober，1848，p。98。

[104]LeonardHomerusestheexpression"nefariouspractices"inhisofficialreports。（"ReportofInsp。ofFact。，"31stOctober，1859，p。7。）

[105]"Rept。，"&c。，30thSept。，1844，p。15。

[106]TheActallowschildrentobeemployedfor10hoursiftheydonotworkdayafterday，butonlyonalternatedays。Inthemain，thisclauseremainedinoperative。

[107]"Asareductionintheirhoursofworkwouldcausealargernumber（ofchildren）tobeemployed，itwasthoughtthattheadditionalsupplyofchildrenfrom8to9yearsoiagewouldmeettheincreaseddemand"（l。

c。，p。13）。

[108]"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，"31stOct。，1848，p。16。

[109]"IfoundthatmenwhohadbeengettinglOs。aweek，hadhadIs。takenoffforareductionintherateof10percent，andIs。6d。offtheremaining9s。forthereductionintime，together2s。6d……andnotwithstandingthis，manyofthemsaidtheywouldratherwork10hours。"l。c。

[110]"ThoughIsignedit[thepetition！，IsaidatthetimeIwasputtingmyhandtoawrongthing。’’Thenwhydidyouputyourhandtoit？’’BecauseIshouldhavebeenturnedoffifIhadrefused。’Whenceitwouldappearthatthispetitionerfelthimself’oppressed，’butnotexactlybytheFactoryAct。"l。c。，p。102。

[111]p。17，l。c。InMr。Homer’sdistrict10，270adultmalelabourerswerethusexaminedin181factories。TheirevidenceistobefoundintheappendixtotheFactoryReportsforthehalf—yearendingOctober1848。Theseexaminationsfurnishvaluablematerialinotherconnexionsalso。

[112]l。c。SeetheevidencecollectedbyLeonardHomerhimself，Nos。69，70，71，72，92，93，andthatcollectedbySub—lnspectorA。，Nos。51，52，58，59，62，70，oftheAppendix。Onemanufacturer，too，tellstheplaintruth。

SeeNo。14，andNo。265，l。c。

[113]Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1848，pp。133，134。

[114]Reports，&c。，for30thApril，1848，p。47。

[115]Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1848，p。130。

[116]Reports，&c。，l。c。，p。142。

[117]Reports&c。，for31stOctober，1850，pp。5，6。

[118]Thenatureofcapitalremainsthesameinitsdevelopedasinitsundevelopedform。Inthecodewhichtheinfluenceoftheslave—owners，shortlybeforetheoutbreakoftheAmericanCivilWar，imposedontheterritoryofNewMexico，itissaidthatthelabourer，inasmuchasthecapitalisthasboughthislabour—power，"ishis（thecapitalist’s）money。"ThesameviewwascurrentamongtheRomanpatricians。Themoneytheyhadadvancedtotheplebeiandebtorhadbeentransformedviathemeansofsubsistenceintothefleshandbloodofthedebtor。This"fleshandblood"were，therefore，"theirmoney。’’Hence，theShylock—lawoftheTenTables。Linguet’shypothesisthatthepatriciancreditorsfromtimetotimeprepared，beyondtheTiber，bunquetsofdebtors’flesh，mayremainasundecidedasthatofDaumerontheChristianEuchanst。

[119]Reports，&c……for30thApril，1848，p。28。

[120]Thus，amongothers，PhilanthropistAshworthtoLeonardHomer，inadisgustingQuakerletter。（Reports，&c。，April，1849，p。4。）

[121]l。c。，p。140。

[122]Reports，&c。，for30thApril，1849，pp。21，22。Cflikeexamplesibid。，pp。4。5。

[123]ByI。andII。Will。IV。，ch。24，s。10，knownasSirJohnWobhouse’sFactoryAct，itwasforbiddentoanyownerofacotton—spinningorweavingmill，orthefather，son，orbrotherofsuchowner，toactasJusticeofthePeaceinanyinquiriesthatconcernedtheFactoryAct。

[124]l。c。

[125]Reports，&c。，for30thApril，1849，p。S。

[126]Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1849，p。6。

[127]Reports，&c。，for30thApril，1849，p。21。

[128]Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1848，p。95。

[129]SeeReports，&c。，for30thApril，1849，p。6，andthedetailedexplanationofthe"shiftingsystem，"byFactoryInspectorsHowellandSaunders，in"Reports，&c。，for31stOctober，1848。"SeealsothepetitiontotheQueenfromtheclergyofAshtonandvicinity，inthespringof1849，againsttheshiftsystem。"

[130]Cf。forexample，·`TheFactoryQuestionandtheTenHours’gill。’，ByR。H。Greg，1837。

[131]F。Engels:’TheEnglishTenHours’Bill。"（Inthe"NeueRheinischeZeitung。

Politisch—oekonomischeRevue。"EditedbyK。Marx。Aprilnumber，1850，p。

13。）Thesame"high"CourtofJusticediscovered，duringtheAmericanCivilWar，averbalambiguitywhichexactlyreversedthemeaningofthelawagainstthearmingofpirateships。

[132]Rep。，&c。，for30thApril，1850。

[133]Inwinter，from7a。m。to7p。m。maybesubstituted。

[134]"Thepresentlaw（of1850）wasacompromisewherebytheemployedsurrenderedthebenefitoftheTenHours’Actfortheadvantageofoneuniformperiodforthecommencementandterminationofthelabourofthosewhoselabourisrestricted。"（Reports，&c。，for30thApril，1852，p。14。）

[135]Repons，&c。，forSept。，1844，p。13。

[136]l。c。

[137]l。c。

[138]"Reports，&c。，for31stOct。，1846，"p。20。

[139]Reports，&c。，for31stOct。，1861，p。26。

[140]l。c。，p。27。Onthewholetheworkingpopulation，subjecttotheFactoryAct，hasgreatlyimprovedphysically。Allmedicaltestimonyagreesonthispoint，andpersonalobsenationatdifferenttimeshasconvincedmeofit。

Nevertheless，andexclusiveoftheterribledeath—rateofchildreninthefirstyearsoftheirlife，theofficialreportsofDr。Greenhowshowtheunfavourablehealthconditionofthemanufacturingdistrictsascomparedwith"agriculturaldistrictsofnormalhealth。"Asevidence，takethefollowingtablefromhis1861report:？

PecentageofAdultMalesEngagedinManufactures14。942。637。341。931。014。936。630。4？nbsp;

Death—ratefromPulmonaryAffectionsper100，000Males598708547611691588721726305

NameofDistrictWiganBlackburnHalifaxBradfordMaccles—

fieldLeekStoke—

upon—TrentWoolstantonEighthealthyagriculturaldistrictsDeath—ratefromPulmonaryAffectionsper100，000Females644734564603804705665727340

PecentageofAdultFemalesEngagedinManufactures18。034。920。430。026。017。219。313。9？nbsp;

KindofFemaleOccupationCottonDo。WorstedDo。SilkDo。EarthenwareDo。？