第58章

[16]H。Merivale。"LecturesonColonisationandColonies，"1841，Vol。I，p。

146。

[17]Malthus，"PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy，"pp。215，319，320。Inthiswork，Malthusfinallydiscovers，withthehelpofSismondi，thebeautifulTrinityofcapitalisticproduction:over—production，over—population，over—consumption？threeverydelicatemonsters，indeed。Cf。F。Engels，"UmrissezueinerKritikderNationalökonomie，"l。c。，p，107，etseq。

[18]HarrietMartineau，"AManchesterStrike，"1832，p。101。

[19]Eveninthecottonfamineof1863wefind，inapamphletoftheoperativecottonspinnersofBlackburn，fiercedenunciationsofover—work。which，inconsequenceoftheFactoryActs，ofcourseonlyaffectedadultmalelabourers。"Theadultoperativesatthismillhavebeenaskedtoworkfrom12to13hoursperday，whiletherearehundredswhoarecompelledtobeidlewhowouldwillinglyworkpartialtime，inordertomaintaintheirfamiliesandsavetheirbrethrenfromaprematuregravethroughbeingoverworked……

We，"itgoesontosay，"wouldaskifthepracticeofworkingover—timebyanumberofhands，islikelytocreateagoodfeelingbetweenmastersandservants。Thosewhoareworkedover—timefeeltheinjusticeequallywiththosewhoarecondemnedtoforcedidleness。Thereisinthedistrictalmostsufficientworktogivetoallpartialemploymentiffairlydistributed。

Weareonlyaskingwhatisrightinrequestingthemastersgenerallytopursueasystemofshorthours，particularlyuntilabetterstateofthingsbeginstodawnuponus，ratherthantoworkaportionofthehandsover—time，whileothers，forwantofwork，arecompelledtoexistuponcharity。"（"ReportsofInsp。ofFact。，Oct。31，1863，"p。8。）Theauthorofthe"EssayonTradeandCommerce"graspstheeffectofarelativesurplus—populationontheemployedlabourerswithhisusualunerringbourgeoisinstinct。"Anothercauseofidlenessinthiskingdomisthewantofasufficientnumberoflabouringhands……Wheneverfromanextraordinarydemandformanufactures，labourgrowsscarce，thelabourersfeeltheirownconsequence，andwillmaketheirmastersfeelitlikewise？itisamazing;butsodepravedarethedispositionsofthesepeople，thatinsuchcasesasetofworkmenhavecombinedtodistresstheemployerbyidlingawholedaytogether。"（"Essay，&c。，"pp。27，28。）Thefellowsinfactwerehankeringafterariseinwages。

[20]Economist，Jan。21。1860。

[21]Whilstduringthelastsixmonthsof1866，80—90，000workingpeopleinLondonwerethrownoutofwork，theFactoryReportforthatsamehalfyearsays:"Itdoesnotappearabsolutelytruetosaythatdemandwillalwaysproducesupplyjustatthemomentwhenitisneeded。Ithasnotdonesowithlabour，formuchmachineryhasbeenidlelastyearforwantofhands。"

（"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，31stOct。，1866，"p。81。）

[22]OpeningaddresstotheSanitaryConference，Birmingham，January15th，1875，byJ。Chamberlain，Mayorofthetown，now（1883）PresidentoftheBoardofTrade。

[23]781townsgiveninthecensusfor1861forEnglandandWales"contained10，960，998inhabitants，whilethevillagesandcountryparishescontained9，105，226。In1851，580townsweredistinguished，andthepopulationinthemandinthesurroundingcountrywasnearlyequal。Butwhileinthesubsequenttenyearsthepopulationinthevillagesandthecountryincreasedhalfamillion，thepopulationinthe580townsincreasedbyamillionandahalf（1，554，067）。Theincreaseofthepopulationofthecountryparishesis6。5percent。，andofthetowns17。3percent。Thedifferenceintheratesofincreaseisduetothemigrationfromcountrytotown。Three—fourthsofthetotalincreaseofpopulationhastakenplaceinthetowns。"（"Census。

&c。，"pp。11and12。）

[24]"Povertyseemsfavourabletogeneration。"（A。Smith。）ThisisevenaspeciallywisearrangementofGod，accordingtothegallantandwittyAbbé

Galiani"Iddioafchegliuominicheesercitanomestieridiprimautilitinasconoabbondantemente。"（Galiani，l。c。，p。78。）"Miseryuptotheextremepointoffamineandpestilence，insteadofchecking，tendstoincreasepopulation。"（S。Laing，"NationalDistress，"1844，p。69。）AfterLainghasillustratedthisbystatistics，hecontinues:"Ifthepeoplewereallineasycircumstances，theworldwouldsoonbedepopulated。"

[25]"Dejourenjourildeviantdoncplusclairquelesrapportsdeproductiondanslesquelssemeutlabourgeoisien’ontpasuncaractèreun，uncatactèresimple，maisuncaractèrededuplicité;

quedanslesmêmesrapportsdanslesquelsseproduitlarichesse，lamiséreseproduitaussi;quedanslesmêmesrapportsdanslesquelsilyadéveloppementdesforcesproductives，ilyauneforceproductivederépression;quecesrapportsneproduisentlarichessebourgeoise，c’est—à—direlarichessedelaclassebourgeoise，qu’enanéantissantcontinuellementlarichessedesmembresintégrantsdecetteclasseetenproduisantunprolétariattoujourscroissant。"

（KarlMarx:"MisèredelaPhilosophie，"p。116。）

[26]G。Ortes:"DeliaEconomiaNazionalelibrisei，1777，"inCustodi，ParteModerna，t。xxi，pp。6，9，22，25，etc。Ortessays，l。c。，p。32:"Inluocodiprogettarsistemiinutiliperlafelicitàde’popoli，milimiterò

ainvestigatelaregiondeltaloroinfelicità。"

[27]"ADissertationonthePoorLaws。ByaWell—wisherofMankind。（TheRev。

J。Townsend）1786，"republishedLond。1817，pp。15，39，41。This"delicate"

parson，fromwhoseworkjustquoted，aswellasfromhis"JourneythroughSpain，"Malthusoftencopieswholepages，himselfborrowedthegreaterpartofhisdoctrinefromSirJamesSteuart，whomhehoweveraltersintheborrowing。E。g。，whenSteuartsays:"Here，inslavery，wasaforciblemethodofmakingmankinddiligent，"[forthenon—workers]……

"Menwerethenforcedtowork"[i。e。，toworkgratisforothers]，"becausetheywereslavesofothers;menarenowforcedtowork"[i。e。，toworkgratisfornon—workers]"becausetheyaretheslavesoftheirnecessities，"

hedoesnotthenceconclude，likethefatholderofbenefices，thatthewage—labourermustalwaysgofasting。Hewishes，onthecontrary，toincreasetheirwantsandtomaketheincreasingnumberoftheirwantsastimulustotheirlabourforthe"moredelicate。"

[28]Storch，l。c。，t。iii，p。223。

[29]Sismondi，l。c。，pp。79，80，85。

[30]DestuttdeTracy，l。c。，p。231:"Lesnationspauvres，c’estlà

oùlepeupleestàsonaise;etlesnationsriches，c’estlàoùilestordinairementpauvre。"

[31]"TenthReportoftheCommissionersofH。M。InlandRevenue。"Lond。，1866。

p。38。

[32]lbidem。

[33]Thesefiguresaresufficientforcomparison，but，takenabsolutely，arefalse，since，perhaps，£100，000，000ofincomeareannuallynotdeclared。

ThecomplaintsoftheInlandRevenueCommissionersofsystematicfraud，especiallyonthepartofthecommercialandindustrialclasses，arerepeatedineachoftheirreports。Soe。g。，"AJoint—stockcompanyreturns£6，000asassessableprofits，thesurveyorraisestheamountto£88，000，anduponthatsumdutyisultimatelypaid。Anothercompanywhichreturns£190，000isfinallycompelledtoadmitthatthetruereturnshouldbe£250，000。"（Ibid。，p，42。）

[34]"Census，&c。，"l。c。，p。29。JohnBright’sassertionthat150landlordsownhalfofEngland，and12halftheScotchsoil，hasneverbeenrefuted。

[35]"FourthReport，&c。，ofInlandRevenue。"Lond。，1860，p。17。

[36]Thesearethenetincomesaftercertainlegallyauthorisedabatements。

[37]Atthismoment，March，1867，theIndianandChinesemarketisagainoverstockedbytheconsignmentsoftheBritishcottonmanufacturers。In1866areductioninwagesof5percent。tookplaceamongstthecottonoperatives。In1867，asconsequenceofasimilaroperation，therewasastrikeof20，000menatPreston。[Addedinthe4thGermanedition。？Thatwasthepreludetothecrisiswhichbrokeoutimmediatelyafterwards。？F。E。]

[38]"Census，&C。，"l。c。，P。11。

[39]GladstoneintheHouseofCommons，Feb。13th，1843。Times，Feb。

14th，1843？"Itisoneofthemostmelancholyfeaturesinthesocialstateofthiscountrythatwesee，beyondthepossibilityofdenial，thatwhilethereisatthismomentadecreaseintheconsumingpowersofthepeople，anincreaseofthepressureofprivationsanddistress;thereisatthesametimeaconstantaccumulationofwealthintheupperclasses，anincreaseoftheluxuriousnessoftheirhabits，andoftheirmeansofenjoyment。"

（Hansard，13thFeb。）

[40]GladstoneintheHouseofCommons，April16th，1863。MorningStar，April17th。

[41]SeetheofficialaccountsintheBluebook:"MiscellaneousStatisticsoftheUnitedKingdom，"Partvi。，London，1866，pp。260—273，passim。Insteadofthestatisticsoforphanasylums，&c。，thedeclamationsoftheministerialjournalsinrecommendingdowriesfortheRoyalchildrenmightalsoserve。

Thegreaterdearnessofthemeansofsubsistenceisneverforgottenthere。

[42]Gladstone，HouseofCommons，7thApril，1864。？"TheHansardversionruns:

’Again，andyetmoreatlarge？whatishumanlife，but，inthemajorityofcases，