第62章

ChapterThirtyKarlMarxCapitalVolumeOnePartVIII:

PrimativeAccumulationCHAPTERTHIRTY:

REACTIONOFTHEAGRICULTURALREVOLUTIONONINDUSTRY。CREATIONOFTHEHOME—MARKET

FORINDUSTRIALCAPITAL

Theexpropriationandexpulsionoftheagriculturalpopulation，intermittentbutrenewedagainandagain，supplied，aswesaw，thetownindustrieswithamassofproletariansentirelyconnectedwiththecorporateguildsandunfetteredbythem;afortunatecircumstancethatmakesoldA。Anderson（nottobeconfoundedwithJamesAnderson），inhis"HistoryofCommerce"，believeinthedirectinterventionofProvidence。Wemuststillpauseamomentonthiselementofprimitiveaccumulation。Thethinning—outoftheindependent，self—supportingpeasantsnotonlybroughtaboutthecrowdingtogetheroftheindustrialproletariat，inthewaythatGeoffreySaintHilaireexplainedthecondensationofcosmicalmatteratoneplace，byitsrarefactionatanother。[1]Inspiteofthesmallernumberofitscultivators，thesoilbroughtforthasmuchormoreproduce，afterasbefore，becausetherevolutionintheconditionsoflandedpropertywasaccompaniedbyimprovedmethodsofculture，greaterco—operation，concentrationofthemeansofproduction，&c。，andbecausenotonlyweretheagriculturalwage—laborersputonthestrainmoreintensely[2]，butthefieldofproductiononwhichtheyworkedforthemselvesbecamemoreandmorecontracted。Withthesettingfreeofapartoftheagriculturalpopulation，therefore，theirformermeansofnourishmentwerealsosetfree。Theywerenowtransformedintomaterialelementsofvariablecapital。

Thepeasant，expropriatedandcastadrift，mustbuytheirvalueintheformofwages，fromhisnewmaster，theindustrialcapitalist。thatwhichholdsgoodofthemeansofsubsistenceholdswiththerawmaterialsofindustrydependentuponhomeagriculture。Theyweretransformedintoanelementofconstantcapital。Suppose，e。g。，apartoftheWestphalianpeasants，who，atthetimeofFrederickII，allspanflax，forciblyexpropriatedandhuntedfromthesoil;andtheotherpartthatremained，turnedintoday—laborersoflargefarmers。Atthesametimeariselargeestablishmentsforflax—spinningandweaving，inwhichthemen"setfree"nowworkforwages。Theflaxlooksexactlyasbefore。Notafibreofitischanged，butanewsocialsoulhaspoppedintoitsbody。Itformsnowapartoftheconstantcapitalofthemastermanufacturer。Formerlydividedamonganumberofsmallproducers，whocultivateditthemselvesandwiththeirfamiliesspunitinretailfashion，itisnowconcentratedinthehandofonecapitalist，whosetsotherstospinandweaveitforhim。Theextralaborexpendedinflax—spinningrealizeditselfformerlyinextraincometonumerouspeasantfamilies，ormaybe，inFrederickII’stime，intaxespourleroidePrusse。Itrealizesitselfnowinprofitforafewcapitalists。thespindlesandlooms，formerlyscatteredoverthefaceofthecountry，arenowcrowdedtogetherinafewgreatlabor—barracks，togetherwiththelaborersandtherawmaterial。Andspindles，looms，rawmaterial，arenowtransformedfrommeansofindependentexistenceforthespinnersandweavers，intomeansforcommandingthemandsuckingoutofthemunpaidlabor。[3]Onedoesnotperceive，whenlookingatthelargemanufactoriesandthelargefarms，thattheyhaveoriginatedfromthethrowingintooneofmanysmallcentresofproduction，andhavebeenbuiltupbytheexpropriationofmanysmallindependentproducers。Nevertheless，thepopularintuitionwasnotatfault。InthetimeofMirabeau，thelionoftheRevolution，thegreatmanufactorieswerestillcalledmanufacturesreunies，workshopsthrownintoone，aswespeakoffieldthrownintoone。SaysMirabeau:"Weareonlypayingattentiontothegrandmanufactories，inwhichhundredsofmenworkunderadirectorandwhicharecommonlycalledmanufacturesréunies。Thosewhereaverylargenumberoflaborerswork，eachseparatelyandonhisownaccount，arehardlyconsidered;theyareplacedataninfinitedistancefromtheothers。Thisisagreaterror，asthelatteralonemakeareallyimportantobjectofnationalprosperity……

Thelargeworkshop（manufactureréunie）willenrichprodigiouslyoneortwoentrepreneurs，butthelaborerswillonlybejourneymen，paidmoreorless，andwillnothaveanyshareinthesuccessoftheundertaking。

Inthediscreteworkshop（manufactureseparee），onthecontrary，noonewillbecomerich，butmanylaborerswillbecomfortable;thesavingandtheindustriouswillbeabletoamassalittlecapital，toputbyalittleforabirthofachild，foranillness，forthemselvesortheirbelongings。

Thenumberofsavingandindustriouslaborerswillincrease，becausetheywillseeingoodconduct，inactivity，ameansofessentiallybetteringtheircondition，andnotofobtainingasmallriseinwagesthatcanneverbeofanyimportanceofthefuture，andwhosesoleresultistoplacemeninthepositiontolivealittlebetter，butonlyfromdaytoday……Thelargeworkshops，undertakingsofcertainprivatepersonswhopaylaborersfromdaytodaytoworkfortheirgain，maybeabletoputtheseprivateindividualsattheirease，buttheywillneverbeanobjectworththeattentionofgovernments。Discreteworkshops，forthemostpartcombinedwithcultivationofsmallholdings，aretheonlyfreeones。"[4]Theexpropriationandevictionofapartoftheagriculturalpopulationnotonlysetfreeforindustrialcapital，thelaborers，theirmeansofsubsistence，andmaterialforlabor;italsocreatedthehome—market。

Infact，theeventsthattransformedthesmallpeasantsintowage—laborers，andtheirmeansofsubsistenceandoflaborintomaterialelementsofcapital，created，atthesametime，ahome—marketforthelatter。Formerly，thepeasantfamilyproducedthemeansofsubsistenceandtherawmaterials，whichtheythemselves，forthemostpart，consumed。Theserawmaterialsandmeansofsubsistencehavenowbecomecommodities;thelargefarmersellsthem，hefindshismarketinmanufactures。Yarn，inen，coarsewoollenstuffs？thingswhoserawmaterialshadbeenwithinthereachofeverypeasantfamily，hadbeenspunandwovenbyitforitsownuse？werenowtransformedintoarticlesofmanufacture，towhichthecountrydistrictsatonceservedformarkets。Themanyscatteredcustomers，whomstrayartisansuntilnowhadfoundinthenumeroussmallproducersworkingontheirownaccount，concentratethemselvesnowintoonegreatmarketprovidedforbyindustrialcapitap;[5]Thus，handinhandwiththeexpropriationoftheself—supportingpeasants，withtheirseparationfromtheirmeansofproduction，goesthedestructionofruraldomesticindustry，theprocessofseparationbetweenmanufactureandagriculture。Andonlythedestructionofruraldomesticindustrycangivetheinternalmarketofcountrythatextensionandconsistencewhichthecapitalistmodeofproductionrequires。Stillthemanufacturingperiod，properlysocalled，doesnotsucceedincarryingoutthistransformationradicallyandcompletely。Itwillberememberedthatmanufacture，properlysocalled，conquersbutpartiallythedomainofnationalproduction，ndalwaysrestsonthehandicraftsofthetownandthedomesticindustryoftheruraldistrictsasitsultimatebasis。Ifitdestroystheseinoneform，inparticularbranches，atcertainpoints，itcallsthemupagainelsewhere，becauseitneedsthemforthepreparationofrawmaterialuptoacertainpoint。Itproduces，therefore，anewclassofsmallvillagerswho，whilefollowingthecultivationofthesoilasanaccessarycalling，findtheirchiefoccupationinindustriallabor，theproductsofwhichtheyselltothemanufacturersdirectly，orthroughthemediumofmerchants。

Thisisone，thoughnotthechief，causeofaphenomenonwhich，atfirst，puzzlesthestudentofenglishhistory。Fromthelastthirdofthe15thcenturyhefindscontinuallycomplaints，onlyinterruptedatcertainintervals，abouttheencroachmentofcapitalistfarminginthecountrydistricts，andtheprogressivedestructionofthepeasantry。Ontheotherhand，healwaysfindsthispeasantryturningupagain，althoughindiminishednumber，andalwaysunderworseconditions。Thechiefreasonis:Englandisatonetimechieflyacultivatorofcorn，atanotherchieflyabreederofcattle，inalternateperiods，andwiththesetheextent，supplies，inmachinery，thelastingbasisofcapitalisticagriculture，expropriatesradicallytheenormousmajorityoftheagriculturalpopulation，andcompletestheseparationbetweenagricultureandruraldomesticindustry，whoseroots？spinningandweaving？ittearsup;[7]Itthereforealso，forthefirsttie，conquersforindustrialcapitaltheentirehome—market。[8]

Footnotes[1]Inhis"NotionsdePhilosophieNaturelle"。Paris，1838。

[2]ApointthatSirJamesSteuartemphasizes。

[3]"Jepermettrai，"saysthecapitalist，"quevousayezl’honneurdemeservir，àconditionquevousmedonnezlepeuquivouslapeinequejeprendsdevouscommander。"（J。J。Rousseau:"Discourssurl’EconomiePolitique。"）

[4]Mirabeau，l。c。，t。III，pp。20—109passim。ThatMirabeauconsiderstheseparateworkshopsmoreeconomicalandproductivethanthe"combined"，andseesinthelattermerelyartificialexoticsundergovernmentcultivation，isexplainedbythepositionatthattimeofagreatpartofthecontinentalmanufactures。

[5]"Twentypoundsofwoolconvertedunobtrusivelyintoyearlyclothingofalaborer’sfamilybyitsownindustryintheintervalsofotherworks？thismakesnoshow;butbringittomarket，sendittothefactory，thencetothebroker，thencetothedealer，andyouwillhavegreatcommercialoperations，andnominalcapitalengagedtotheamountoftwentytimesitsvalue……Theworking—classisthusemersedtosupportawretchedfactorypopulation，aparasticalshop—keepingclass，andafictitiouscommercial，monetary，andfinancialsystem。"（DavidUrquhart，l。c。，p。120。）

[6]Cromwell’stimeformsanexception。SolongastheRepubliclasted，themassoftheEnglishpeopleofallgradesrosefromthedegradationintowhichtheyhadsunkundertheTudors。

[7]Tuckettisawarethatthemodernwoollenindustryhassprung，withtheintroductionofmachinery，frommanufactureproperandfromthedestructionofruralanddomesticindustries。"Theplough，theyoke，were’theinventionofgods，andtheoccupationofheroes’;aretheloom，thespindle，thedistaff，oflessnobleparentage。

Youseverthedistaffandtheplough，thespindleandtheyoke，andyougetfactoriesandpoor—houses，creditandpanics，twohostilenations，agricultureandcommercial。"（DavidUrquhart，l。c。，p。122。）ButnowcomesCarey，andcriesoutuponEngland，surelynotwithunreason，thatitistryingtoturneveryothercountryintoamereagriculturalnation，whosemanufactureristobeEngland。HepretendsthatinthiswayTurkeyhasbeenruined，because"theownersandoccupantsoflandhaveneverbeenpermittedbyEnglandtostrengthe