第40章

ButthePhariseeofacapitalist，asmaybeseenfromthesamereports，denouncesthisbrutalitywhichhehimselfcreates，perpetuates，andexploits，andwhichhemoreoverbaptises"freedomoflabour。""Infantlabourhasbeencalledintoaid……eventoworkfortheirowndailybread。Withoutstrengthtoenduresuchdisproportionatetoil，withoutinstructiontoguidetheirfuturelife，theyhavebeenthrownintoasituationphysicallyandmorallypolluted。TheJewishhistorianhasremarkedupontheoverthrowofJerusalembyTitusthatitwasnowonderitshouldhavebeendestroyed，withsuchasignaldestruction，whenaninhumanmothersacrificedherownoffspringtosatisfythecravingsofabsolutehunger。"（"PublicEconomyConcentrated。"Carlisle，1833，p。66。）

[41]A。Redgravein"Reportsoflnsp。ofFact。for31stOctober，1858，"pp。

40，41。

[42]"Children’sEmploymentCommission，FifthReport，"London，1866，p。81，n。31。[Addedinthe4thGermanedition。？TheBethnalGreensilkindustryisnowalmostdestroyed。？F。E。]

[43]"Children’sEmploymentCommission，ThirdReport，"London，1864，p。53，n。15。

[44]l。c。，FifthReport，p。22，n。137。

[45]"SixthReportonPublicHealth，"Lond。，1864，p。34。

[46]"It（theinquiryof1861）……showed，moreover，thatwhile，withthedescribedcircumstances，infantsperishundertheneglectandmismanagementwhichtheirmothers’occupationsimply，themothersbecometoagrievousextentdenaturalisedtowardstheiroffspring—commonlynottroublingthemselvesmuchatthedeath，andevensometimes……takingdirectmeasurestoinsureit。"（l。c。）

[47]l。c。，p。454。

[48]l。c。，pp。454—463。"ReportbyDr。HenryJulianHunterontheexcessivemortalityofinfantsinsomeruraldistrictsofEngland。"

[49]l。c。，p。35andpp。455，456。

[50]l。c。，p。456。

[51]Intheagriculturalaswellasinthefactorydistrictstheconsumptionofopiumamongthegrown—uplabourers，bothmaleandfemale，isextendingdaily。"Topushthesaleofopiate……isthegreataimofsomeenterprisingwholesalemerchants。Bydruggistsitisconsideredtheleadingarticle。"

（l。c。，p。459。）Infantsthattakeopiates"shrankupintolittleoldmen，"

or"wizenedlikelittlemonkeys。"（l。c。，p。460。）WehereseehowIndiaandChinaavengedthemselvesonEngland。

[52]l。c。，p。37。

[53]"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1862，"p。59。Mr。Bakerwasformerlyadoctor。

[54]L。Hornerin"ReportsofInsp。ofFact。for30thJune，1857，"p。17。

[55]L。Hornerin"Rep。oflnsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1855，"pp。18，19。

[56]SirJohnKincaidin"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1858，"pp。31，32。

[57]L。Hornerin"Reports，&c。，for31stOct。，1857，"pp。17，18。

[58]SirJ。Kincaidin"Reports，&c。，31stOct。，1856，"p。66。

[59]A。Redgravein"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。，31st。Oct。，1857，"pp。41—42。InthoseindustrieswheretheFactoryActproper（notthePrintWorksActreferredtointhetext）hasbeeninforceforsometime，theobstaclesinthewayoftheeducationclauseshave，inrecentyears，beenovercome。

InindustriesnotundertheAct，theviewsofMr。J。Geddes，aglassmanufacturer，stillextensivelyprevail。HeinformedMr。White，oneoftheInquiryCommissioners:

"AsfarasIcansee，thegreateramountofeducationwhichapartoftheworking—classhasenjoyedforsomeyearspastisanevil。Itisdangerous，becauseitmakesthemindependent。"（"Children’sEmpl。Comm。，FourthReport，"

Lond。，1865，p。253。）

[60]"Mr。E。，amanufacturer……informedmethatheemployedfemalesexclusivelyathispower—looms……givesadecidedpreferencetomarriedfemales，especiallythosewhohavefamiliesathomedependentonthemforsupport;theyareattentive，docile，moresothanunmarriedfemales，andarecompelledtousetheirutmostexertionstoprocurethenecessariesoflife。Thusarethevirtues，thepeculiarvirtuesofthefemalecharactertobepervertedtoherinjury—thusallthatismostdutifulandtenderinhernatureismadeameansofherbondageandsuffering。"（TenHours’FactoryBill。TheSpeechofLordAshley，March15th，Lond。，1844，p。20。）

[61]"Sincethegeneralintroductionofmachinery，humannaturehasbeenforcedfarbeyonditsaveragestrength。"（Rob。Owen:"ObservationsontheEffectsoftheManufacturingSystem，"2ndEd。，London，1817。）

[62]TheEnglish，whohaveatendencytolookupontheearliestformofappearanceofathingasthecauseofitsexistence，areinthehabitofattributingthelonghoursofworkinfactoriestotheextensivekidnappingofchildren，practisedbycapitalistsintheinfancyofthefactorysystem，onworkhousesandorphanages，bymeansofwhichrobbery，unresistingmaterialforexploitationwasprocured。Thus，forinstance，Ficiden，himselfamanufacturer，says:

"Itisevidentthatthelonghoursofworkwerebroughtaboutbythecircumstanceofsogreatanumberofdestitutechildrenbeingsuppliedfromdifferentpartsofthecountry，thatthemasterswereindependentofthehands，andthathavingonceestablishedthecustombymeansofthemiserablematerialstheyhadprocuredinthisway，theycouldimposeitontheirneighbourswiththegreaterfacility。"（J。Ficiden:"TheCurseoftheFactorySystem，"

Lond。，1836，p。I1。）Withreferencetothelabourofwomen，Saunders，thefactoryinspector，saysinhisreportof1844:"Amongstthefemaleoperativestherearesomewomenwho，formanyweeksinsuccession，exceptforafewdays，areemployedfrom6a。in。tillmidnight，withlessthan2hoursformeals，sothaton5daysoftheweektheyhaveonly6hoursleftoutofthe24，forgoingtoandfromtheirhomesandrestinginbed。"

[63]"Occasion……injurytothedelicatemovingpartsofmetallicmechanismbyinaction。"（Ure，l。c。，p。281。）

[64]TheManchesterSpinner（Times，26thNov。，1862）beforereferredtosaysinrelationtothissubject:"It（namely，the"allowancefordeteriorationofmachinery"）isalsointendedtocoverthelosswhichisconstantlyarisingfromthesupersedingofmachinesbeforetheyarewornout，byothersofanewandbetterconstruction。"

[65]"Ithasbeenestimated，roughly，thatthefirstindividualofanewly—inventedmachinewillcostaboutfivetimesasmuchastheconstructionofthesecond。"

（Babbage，l。c。，p。349。

[66]"Theimprovementswhichtookplacenotlongagoinframesformakingpatentnetweresogreatthatamachineingoodrepairwhichhadcost£1，200，soldafewyearsafterfor£60……improvementssucceededeachothersorapidly，thatmachineswhichhadneverbeenfinishedwereabandonedinthehandsoftheirmakers，becausenewimprovementsbadsupersededtheirutility。"（Babbage，l。c。，p。233。）Inthesestormy，go—aheadtimes，therefore，thetullemanufacturerssoonextendedtheworking—day，bymeansofdoublesetsofhands，fromtheoriginal8hoursto24。

[67]"Itisself—evident，that，amidtheebbingsandflowingsofthemarketsandthealternateexpansionsandcontractionsofdemand，occasionswillconstantlyrecur，inwhichthemanufacturermayemployadditionalfloatingcapitalwithoutemployingadditionalfixedcapital……ifadditionalquantitiesofrawmaterialcanbeworkedupwithoutincurringanadditionalexpenseforbuildingsandmachinery。"（R。Torrens:"OnWagesandCombination。"

London，1834，p。64。）

[68]Thiscircumstanceismentionedonlyforthesakeofcompleteness，forI

shallnotconsidertherateofprofit，i。e。，theratioofthesurplus—valuetothetotalcapitaladvanced，untilIcometothethirdbook。

[69]Senior，"LettersontheFactoryAct。"London，1837，pp。13，14。

[70]"Thegreatproportionoffixedtocirculatingcapital……makeslonghoursofworkdesirable。"Withtheincreaseduseofmachinery，&c。，"themotivestolonghoursofworkwillbecomegreater，astheonlymeansbywhichalargeproportionoffixedcapitalcanbemadeprofitable。"（l。

c。，pp。11—13。）"Therearecertainexpensesuponamillwhichgooninthesameproportionwhetherthemillberunningshortorfulltime，as，forinstance，rentrates，andtaxes，insuranceagainstfire，wagesofseveralpermanentservants，deteriorationofmachinery，withvariousotherchargesuponamanufacturingestablishment，theproportionofwhichtoprofitsincreasesastheproductiondecreases。"（"Rep。ofInsp。ofFact。for31stOct。，1862，"p。19。）

[71]Whyitis，thatthecapitalist，andalsothepoliticaleconomistswhoamimbuedwithhisviews，areunconsciousofthisimmanentcontradiction，willappearfromthefirstpartofthethirdbook。

[72]ItisoneofthegreatestmeritsofRicardotohaveseeninmachinerynotonlythemeansofproducingcommodities，butofcreatinga"redundantpopulation。"

[73]F。Biese。"DiePhilosophiedesAristoteles，"Vol。2。Berlin，1842，p。408。

[74]IgivebelowthetranslationofthispoembyStolberg，becauseitbringsintorelief，quiteinthespiritofformerquotationsreferringtodivisionoflabour，theantithesisbetweentheviewsoftheancientsandthemoderns。

"Sparethehandthatgrindsthecorn，Oh，millergirls，andsoftlysleep。

LetChanticleerannouncethemorninvain！DeohascommandedtheworkofthegirlstobedonebytheNymphs，andnowtheyskiplightlyoverthewheels，sothattheshakenaxlesrevolvewiththe