第24章

[42]Alumfinelypowdered，ormixedwithsalt，isanormalarticleofcommercebearingthesignificantnameof"bakers’stuff。"

[43]Sootisawell—knownandveryenergeticformofcarbon，andformsamanurethatcapitalisticchimney—sweepsselltoEnglishfarmers。Nowin1862theBritishjurymanhadinalaw—suittodecidewhethersoot，withwhich，unknowntothebuyer，90%ofdustandsandaremixed，isgenuinesootinthecommercialsenseoradulteratedsootinthelegalsense。The"amisducommerce"decidedittobegenuinecommercialsoot，andnonsuitedtheplaintifffarmer，whohadinadditiontopaythecostsofthesuit。

[44]TheFrenchchemist，Chevallier，inhistreatiseonthe"sophistications"

ofcommodities，enumeratesformanyofthe600ormorearticleswhichhepassesinreview，10，20，30differentmethodsofadulteration。Headdsthathedoesnotknowallthemethodsanddoesnotmentionallthatheknows。Hegives6kindsofadulterationofsugar，9ofoliveoil，10ofbutter，12ofsalt，19ofmilk，20ofbread，23ofbrandy，24ofmeal，28ofchocolate，30ofwine，32ofcoffee，etc。EvenGodAlmightydoesnotescapethisfate。SeeRouarddeCard，"OntheFalsificationsofthehlaterialsoftheSacrament。"（"Delafalsificationdessubstancessacramentelles，"

Paris，1856。）

[45]"Report，&c。，relativetothegrievancescomplainedofbythejourneymenbakers，&c。，London，1862，"and"SecondReport，&c。，London，1863。"

[46]l。c。，FirstReport，&c。，p。vi。

[47]l。c。，p。Ixxi。

[48]GeorgeRead，"TheHistoryofBaking，"London，1848，p。16。

[49]Report（First）&c。Evidenceofthe"full—priced"bakerCheeseman，p。

108。

[50]GeorgeRead，l。c。Attheendofthe17thandthebeginningofthe18thcenturiesthefactors（agents）thatcrowdedintoeverypossibletradewerestilldenouncedas"publicnuisances。"ThustheGrandJuryatthequartersessionoftheJusticesofthePeacefortheCountyofSomerset，addressedapresentmenttotheLowerHousewhich，amongotherthings，states，"thatthesefactorsofBlackwellHallareaPublicNuisanceandPrejudicetotheClothingTrade，andoughttobeputdownasaNuisance。""TheCaseofourEnglishWool。，&c。，"London，1685，pp。6，7。

[51]FirstReport，&c。

[52]ReportofCommitteeontheBakingTradeinIrelandfor1861。

[53]l。c。

[54]PublicmeetingofagriculturallabourersatLasswade，nearEdinburgh，January5th，1866。（SeeWorkman’sAdvocate，January13th，1866。）Theformationsincethecloseof1865ofaTrades’UnionamongtheagriculturallabourersatfirstinScotlandisahistoricevent。InoneofthemostoppressedagriculturaldistrictsofEngland，Buckinghamshire，thelabourers，inMarch，1867，madeaueatstrikefortheraisingoftheirweeklywagefrom9—10

shillingsto12shillings。（ItwillbeseenfromtheprecedingpassagethatthemovementoftheEnglishagriculturalproletariat，entirelycrushedsincethesuppressionofitsviolentmanifestationsafter1830，andespeciallysincetheintroductionofthenewPoorLaws，beginsagaininthesixties，untilitbecomesfinallyepoch—makingin1872。Ireturntothisinthe2ndvolume，aswellastotheBluebooksthathaveappearedsince1867

onthepositionoftheEnglishlandlabourers。Addendumtothe3rdea。）

[55]Reynolds’Newspaper，January，1866。？Everyweekthissamepaperhas，underthesensationalheadings，"Fearfulandfatalaccidents，""Appallingtragedies，"&c。，awholelistoffreshrailwaycatastrophes。OntheseanemployeontheNorthStaffordshirelinecomments:"Everyoneknowstheconsequencesthatmayoccurifthedriverandfiremanofalocomotiveenginearenotcontinuallyonthelook—out。Howcanthatbeexpectedfromamanwhohasbeenatsuchworkfor29or30hours，exposedtotheweather，andwithoutrest。Thefollowingisanexamplewhichisofveryfrequentoccurrence:？OnefiremancommencedworkontheMondaymorningataveryearlyhour。

Whenhehadfinishedwhatiscalledaday’swork，hehadbeenonduty14

hours50minutes。Beforehehadtimetogethistea，hewasagaincalledonforduty……Thenexttimehefinishedhehadbeenonduty14hours25minutes，makingatotalof29hours15minuteswithoutintermission。

Therestoftheweek’sworkwasmadeupasfollows:？Wednesday。15hours:

Thursday，15hours35minutes;Friday，142hours;Saturday，14hours10

minutes，makingatotalfortheweekof88hours40minutes。Now，sir，fancyhisastonishmentonbeingpaid61/4daysforthewhole。Thinkingitwasamistake，heappliedtothetime—keeper，……andinquitedwhattheyconsideredaday’swork，andwastold13hoursforagoodsman（i。e。，78hours）……Hethenaskedforwhathehadmadeoverandabovethe78

hoursperweek，butwasrefused。However，hewasatlasttoldtheywouldgivehimanotherquarter，i。e。，10d。，"l。c。，4thFebruary。1866。

[56]CfF。Engels，l。c。，pp。253，254。

[57]Dr。Letheby，ConsultingPhysicianoftheBoardofHealth，declared:"Theminimumofairforeachadultoughttobeinasleepingroom300，andinadwellingroom500cubicfeet。"Dr。Richardson，SeniorPhysiciantooneoftheLondonHospitals:"Withneedlewomenofallkinds，includingmilliners，dressmakers，andordinarysempstresses，therearethreemiseries？over—work，deficientair，andeitherdeficientfoodordeficientdigestion……Needlework，inthemain，……isinfinitelybetteradaptedtowomenthantomen。Butthemischiefsofthetrade，inthemetropolisespecially，arethatitismonopolisedbysometwenty—sixcapitalists，who，undertheadvantagesthatspringfromcapital，canbringincapitaltoforceeconomyoutoflabour。

Thispowertellsthroughoutthewholeclass。Ifadressmakercangetalittlecircleofcustomers，suchisthecompetitionthat，inherhome，shemustworktothedeathtoholdtogether，andthissameover—workshemustofnecessityinflictonanywhomayassisther。Ifshefail，ordonottryindependently，shemustjoinanestablishment，whereherlabourisootless，butwherehermoneyissafe。Placedthus，shebecomesamereslave。tossedaboutwiththevariationsofsociety。Nowathome，inoneroom，starving，orneartoit，thenengaged15，16，aye，even18hoursoutofthe24，inanairthatisscarcelytolerable，andonfoodwhich，evenifitbegood，cannotbedigestedintheabsenceofpureair。Onthesevictims，consumption，whichispurelyadiseaseofbadair，feeds。"Dr。

Richardson:"WorkandOver—work，"in"SocialScienceReview，"18thJuly，1863。

[58]MorningStar，23rdJune，1863。？TheTimesmadeuseofthecircumstancetodefendtheAmericanslave—ownersagainstBright，&c。

"Verymanyofusthink，"saysaleaderofJuly2nd，1863，"that，whileweworkourownyoungwomentodeath，usingthescourgeofstarvation，insteadofthecrackofthewhip，astheinstrumentofcompulsion，wehavescarcelyarighttohoundonfireandslaughteragainstfamilieswhowerebornslave—owners，andwho，atleast，feedtheirslaveswell，andworkthemlightly。"Inthesamemanner，theStandard，aToryorgan，fellfouloftheRev。NewmanHall:"Heexcommunicatedtheslave—owners，butprayswiththefinefolkwho，withoutremorse，maketheomnibusdriversandconductorsofLondon，&c。，work16hoursa—dayforthewagesofadog。"Finally，spaketheoracle，ThomasCarlyle，ofwhomIwrote，in1850，"ZumTeufelistderGenius，derKultusistgeblieben。"Inashortparable，hereducestheonegreateventofcontemporaryhistory，theAmericanCivilWar，tothislevel，thatthePeteroftheNorthwantstobreaktheheadofthePauloftheSouthwithallhismight，becausethePeteroftheNorthhireshislabourbytheday，andthePauloftheSouthhireshisbythelife。（"Macmillan’sMagazine。"lliasAmericanainnuce。August，1863。）Thus，thebubbleofTorysympathyfortheurbanworkers？bynomeansfortherural？hasburstatlast。Thesumofallis？slavery！

[59]Dr。Richardson，l。c。

[60]Children’sEmploymentCommission。ThirdReport。London，1864，pp。iv。，v。，vi。

[61]"BothinStaffordshireandinSouthWalesyounggirlsandwomenareemployedonthepitbanksandonthecokeheaps，notonlybydaybutalsobynight。

ThispracticehasbeenoftennoticedinReportspresentedtoParliament，asbeingattendedwithgreatandnotoriousevils。Thesefemalesemployedwiththemen，hardlydistinguishedfromthemintheirdress，andbegrimedwithdirtandsmoke，areexposedtothedeteriorationofcharacter，arisingfromthelossofself—respect，whichcanhardlyfailtofollowfromtheirunfeminineoccupation。"（l。c。，194，p。xxvi。Cf。FourthReport（1865），61，p。xiii。）Itisthesameinglass—works。

[62]Asteelmanufacturerwhoemployschildreninnight—labourremarked:"Itseemsbutnaturalthatboyswhoworkatnightcannotsleepandgetproperrestbyday，butwillberunningabout。’（l。c。，FourthReport，63，p。

xiii。）Ontheimportanceofsunlightforthemaintenanceandgrowthofthebody，aphysicianwrites:"Lightalsoactsuponthetissuesofthebodydirectlyinhardeningthemandsupportingtheirelasticity。Tnemusclesofanimals，whentheyaredeprivedofaproperamountoflight，becomesoflandinelastic，thenenouspowerlosesitstonefromdefectivestimulation，andthedaborationofallgrowthseemstobeperverted……Inthecaseofchildren，constantaccesstoplentyoflightduringtheday，andtothedirectraysofthesunforapartofit，ismostessentialtohealth。

Lightassistsintheelaborationofgoodplasticblood，andhardensthefibreafterithasbeenlaiddown。Italsoactsasastimulusupontheorgansofsips，andbythismeansbringsaboutmoreactivityinthevariouscerebralfunctions。"Dr。W。Strange，SeniorPhysicianoftheWorcesterGeneralHospital，fromwhoseworkon"Health"（1864）thispassageistaken，writesinalettertoMr。White，oneofthecommissioners:"Ihavehadopportunitiesformerly，wheninLancashire，ofobservingtheeffectsofnightworkuponchildren，andIhavenohesitationinsaying，contrarytowhatsomeemployerswerefondofasserting，thosechildrenwhoweresubjectedtoitsoonsufferedintheirhealth。"（l。c。，284。，p。55。）Thatsuchaquestionshouldfurnishthematerialofseriouscontroversy，showsplainlyhowcapitalistproductionactsonthebrain—