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1InowwishtorelatethehistoryofZarathustra.Thefundamentalideaofthework,theEternalRecurrence,thehighestformulaofaYea-sayingtolifethatcaneverbeattained,wasfirstconceivedinthemonthofAugust1881.Imadeanoteoftheideaonasheetofpaper,withthepostscript:"Sixthousandfeetbeyondmanandtime."ThatdayIhappenedtobewanderingthroughthewoodsalongsideoftheLakeofSilvaplana,andIhaltednotfarfromSurlei,besideahugerockthattoweredaloftlikeapyramid.Itwasthenthatthethoughtstruckme.Lookingbacknow,IfindthatexactlytwomonthsbeforethisinspirationIhadanomenofitscomingintheformofasuddenanddecisivechangeinmytastes—moreparticularlyinmusic.ThewholeofZarathustramightperhapsbeclassifiedundertherubricmusic.Atallevents,theessentialconditionofitsproductionwasasecondbirthwithinmeoftheartofhearing.InRecoaro,asmallmountainresortnearVicenza,whereIspentthespringof1881,Iandmyfriendandmaestro,PeterGast—whowasalsoonewhohadbeenbornagain,discoveredthatthephœnixmusichoveredoverus,inlighterandbrighterplumagethanithadeverwornbefore.If,therefore,Inowcalculatefromthatdayforwardthesuddenproductionofthebook,underthemostunlikelycircumstances,inFebruary1883,—thelastpart,outofwhichIquotedafewlinesinmypreface,waswrittenpreciselyinthehallowedhourwhenRichardWagnergaveuptheghostinVenice,—Icometotheconclusionthattheperiodofgestationcoveredeighteenmonths.Thisperiodofexactlyeighteenmonths,mightsuggest,atleasttoBuddhists,thatIaminrealityafemaleelephantTheintervalwasdevotedtotheGayaScienza,whichcontainshundredsofindicationsoftheproximityofsomethingunparalleled;for,afterall,itshowsthebeginningofZarathustra,sinceitpresentsZarathustra'sfundamentalthoughtinthelastaphorismbutoneofthefourthbook.TothisintervalalsobelongsthatHymntoLife(foramixedchoirandorchestra),thescoreofwhichwaspublishedinLeipzigtwoyearsagobyE.W.Fritsch,andwhichgaveperhapsnoslightindicationofmyspiritualstateduringthisyear,inwhichtheessentiallyyea-sayingpathos,whichIcallthetragicpathos,completelyfilledmeheartandlimb.Onedaypeoplewillsingittomymemory.Thetext,letitbewellunderstood,asthereissomemisunderstandingabroadonthispoint,isnotbyme;itwastheastoundinginspirationofayoungRussianlady,MissLouvonSalome,withwhomIwasthenonfriendlyterms.Hewhoisinanywayabletomakesomesenseofthelastwordsofthepoem,willdivinewhyIpreferredandadmiredit:thereisgreatnessinthem.Painisnotregardedasanobjectiontoexistence:"Andifthouhastnoblissnowlefttocrownme—Leadon!ThouhastthySorrowstill."我现在希望讲述查拉图斯特拉的历史。这部作品的基本思想——永恒轮回,对生命的最高肯定公式,是在1881年8月首次构思出来的。我在一张纸片上记下了这个想法,并附上了批注:“六千英尺超越人类与时间。”那天我正好在锡尔瓦普拉纳湖附近的树林里散步,停在苏雷伊附近的一块巨石旁,那块巨石高耸如金字塔一般。就在那时,这个念头击中了我。现在回想起来,我发现,在这次灵感降临前两个月,我的品味发生了一次突然且决定性的变化——尤其是音乐方面。整个查拉图斯特拉或许可以归类于音乐之下。无论如何,其创作的本质条件是我在内心再次重生了听觉艺术。1881年的春天,我和我的朋友兼导师彼得·加斯特(他也是一位重生者)在维琴察附近的小山地度假胜地雷科阿罗发现,凤凰音乐环绕着我们,比以往任何时候都更加轻盈明亮。因此,如果我现在从那一天开始计算这本书在最不可能的情况下于1883年2月迅速完成,而我在序言中引用了几行的最后一部分,正是在理查德·瓦格纳在威尼斯去世的神圣时刻写成的,我得出结论,这段孕育期持续了十八个月。这整整十八个月的时间间隔,至少对佛教徒来说,可能暗示着我实际上是一头雌性大象。这段时间内,我专注于《快乐的智慧》,其中包含了数百个关于某种前所未有的事物即将来临的暗示;毕竟,它展示了查拉图斯特拉的开端,因为它在第四本书倒数第二条格言中呈现了查拉图斯特拉的基本思想。这一时期也包括那首献给生命的赞美诗(为混声合唱团和管弦乐队而作),其乐谱两年前由E.W.Fritsch在莱比锡出版,也许这首诗并不完全揭示了我在这段充满根本上肯定一切的悲剧式激情的心灵状态,这种激情完全填满了我的心和肢体。有一天人们会为我的记忆唱起这首歌。需要明确的是,歌词并非出自我手;而是年轻俄罗斯女士路·冯·萨洛蒙小姐令人惊叹的灵感之作,当时我和她关系友好。谁能理解这首诗最后几行的意义,就会明白为什么我喜欢并钦佩它:其中蕴含着伟大。“痛苦不被视为存在的障碍:‘如果你现在已经没有幸福来为我加冕——继续前进吧!你还有你的悲伤。’”Maybethatmymusicisalsogreatinthispassage.(Thelastnoteoftheoboe,bythebye,isCsharp,notC.Thelatterisamisprint.)Duringthefollowingwinter,IwaslivingonthatcharminglypeacefulGulfofRapallo,notfarfromGenoa,whichcutsinlandbetweenChiavariandCapePortoFino.Myhealthwasnotverygood;thewinterwascoldandexceptionallyrainy;andthesmallalbergoinwhichIlivedwassoclosetothewaterthatatnightmysleepwasdisturbediftheseawasrough.Thesecircumstancesweresurelytheveryreverseoffavourable;andyet,inspiteofitall,andasifinproofofmybeliefthateverythingdecisivecomestolifeindefianceofeveryobstacle,itwaspreciselyduringthiswinterandinthemidstoftheseunfavourablecircumstancesthatmyZarathustraoriginated.InthemorningIusedtostartoutinasoutherlydirectionupthegloriousroadtoZoagli,whichrisesupthroughaforestofpinesandgivesoneaviewfarouttosea.Intheafternoon,orasoftenasmyhealthallowed,IwalkedroundthewholebayfromSantaMargheritatobeyondPortoFino.ThisspotaffectedmeallthemoredeeplybecauseitwassodearlylovedbytheEmperorFrederickIII.Intheautumnof1886Ichancedtobethereagainwhenhewasrevisitingthissmallforgottenworldofhappinessforthelasttime.ItwasonthesetworoadsthatallZarathustracametome,aboveall,Zarathustrahimselfasatype—Ioughtrathertosaythatitwasonthesewalksthathewaylaidme.也许我的音乐在这段文字中也是伟大的。(顺便说一下,双簧管的最后一音是升C,而不是C。后者是一个排印错误。)在随后的那个冬天,我住在迷人的拉帕洛海湾附近,离热那亚不远,它从奇亚瓦里和法诺港之间切入内陆。我的健康状况不太好;冬天寒冷且异常多雨;而我居住的小旅馆离海太近了,晚上如果海浪汹涌,我的睡眠就会被打扰。这些情况无疑是非常不利的;然而,尽管如此,而且仿佛是为了证明我的信念——一切决定性的东西都在违背每一种障碍的情况下诞生的——恰恰是在这个冬天,在这些不利的条件下,《查拉图斯特拉如是说》诞生了。早晨,我常常向南沿着通往佐阿利的壮丽道路出发,这条路穿过松树林上升,并能远眺大海。下午,或者只要健康状况允许,我就绕着整个海湾从圣玛格丽塔走到法诺港之外。这个地方给我留下了更深刻的印象,因为它曾被腓特烈三世皇帝深深喜爱。1886年秋天,当我偶然再次来到这里时,他正最后一次访问这个被遗忘的小幸福世界。正是在这两条路上,所有关于查拉图斯特拉的思想都涌现出来,尤其是查拉图斯特拉本人作为一个典型人物的形象——我应该说,正是在这次散步中,他向我袭来。22Inordertounderstandthistype,youmustfirstbequiteclearconcerningitsfundamentalphysiologicalcondition:thisconditioniswhatIcallgreathealthiness.InregardtothisideaIcannotmakemymeaningmoreplainormorepersonalthanIhavedonealreadyinoneofthelastaphorisms(No.382)ofthefifthbookoftheGayaScienza:"Wenew,nameless,andunfathomablecreatures,"soreadsthepassage,"wefirstlingsofafuturestillunproved—wewhohaveanewendinviewalsorequirenewmeanstothatend,thatistosay,anewhealthiness,astronger,keener,tougher,bolder,andmerrierhealthinessthananythathasexistedheretofore.Hewholongstofeelinhisownsoulthewholerangeofvaluesandaimsthathaveprevailedonearthuntilhisday,andtosailroundallthecoastsofthisideal'MediterraneanSea';who,fromtheadventuresofhisowninmostexperience,wouldfainknowhowitfeelstobeaconqueroranddiscovereroftheideal;—asalsohowitiswiththeartist,thesaint,thelegislator,thesage,thescholar,themanofpietyandthegodlikeanchoriteofyore;—suchamanrequiresonethingaboveallforhispurpose,andthatis,greathealthiness—suchhealthinessashenotonlypossesses,butalsoconstantlyacquiresandmustacquire,becauseheiscontinuallysacrificingitagain,andiscompelledtosacrificeit!Andnow,therefore,afterhavingbeenlongontheway,weArgonautsoftheideal,whosepluckisgreaterthanprudencewouldallow,andwhoareoftenshipwreckedandbruised,but,asIhavesaid,healthierthanpeoplewouldliketoadmit,dangerouslyhealthy,andforeverrecoveringourhealth—itwouldseemasifwehadbeforeus,asarewardforallourtoils,acountrystillundiscovered,thehorizonofwhichnoonehasyetseen,abeyondtoeverycountryandeveryrefugeoftheidealthatmanhaseverknown,aworldsooverflowingwithbeauty,strangeness,doubt,terror,anddivinity,thatbothourcuriosityandourlustofpossessionarefranticwitheagerness.Alas!howinthefaceofsuchvistas,andwithsuchburningdesireinourconscienceandconsciousness,couldwestillbecontentwiththemanofthepresentday?Thisisbadindeed;but,thatweshouldregardhisworthiestaimsandhopeswithill-concealedamusement,orperhapsgivethemnothoughtatall,isinevitable.Anotheridealnowleadsuson,awonderful,seductiveideal,fullofdanger,thepursuitofwhichweshouldbeloathtourgeuponanyone,becausewearenotsoreadytoacknowledgeanyone'srighttoit:theidealofaspiritwhoplaysingenuously(thatistosay,involuntarily,andastheoutcomeofsuperabundantenergyandpower)witheverythingthat,hitherto,hasbeencalledholy,good,inviolable,anddivine;towhomeventheloftiestthingthatthepeoplehavewithreasonmadetheirmeasureofvaluewouldbenobetterthanadanger,adecay,andanabasement,oratleastarelaxationandtemporaryforgetfulnessofself:theidealofahumanlysuperhumanwell-beingandgoodwill,whichoftenenoughwillseeminhuman—aswhen,forinstance,itstandsbesideallpastearnestnessonearth,andallpastsolemnitiesinhearing,speech,tone,look,morality,andduty,astheirmostlifelikeandunconsciousparody—butwithwhich,nevertheless,greatearnestnessperhapsalonebegins,thefirstnoteofinterrogationisaffixed,thefateofthesoulchanges,thehourhandmoves,andtragedybegins."为了理解这个类型,你首先必须清楚地了解它的基本生理条件:这种条件就是我所说的“伟大的健康”。关于这个概念,我无法比我在《盖亚科学》第五本书最近一条箴言(第382条)中表达得更清楚或更个人化了:“我们这些新的、无名的、深不可测的存在”,这段话如此写道,“我们未来首次出现的第一批存在者——我们也有了一个新的目标,因此也需要新的手段来实现这个目标,也就是说,一种比以往任何时候都更强健、敏锐、坚韧、大胆和欢快的健康。那些渴望在自己的灵魂中感受到到目前为止地球上盛行的所有价值和目标,并且想要环绕这个理想‘地中海’的所有海岸的人;那些从自己内心深处的冒险经历中想知道成为理想的征服者和发现者的感受的人;同样,也想知道艺术家、圣人、立法者、智者、学者、虔诚的人以及古代神似隐士的感受的人——这样的人为了达到他的目的,需要一件事,那就是伟大的健康——他不仅拥有这种健康,而且不断地获取它并且必须获取它,因为他不断地牺牲它,而且被强迫去牺牲它!因此,经过长时间的旅程,我们这些理想的阿耳戈英雄,我们的勇气大于谨慎所允许的范围,我们常常遭遇船难和创伤,但正如我说过的,我们比人们愿意承认的更加健康,危险地健康,并且永远在恢复我们的健康——似乎在我们面前,作为对我们所有辛劳的回报,有一片尚未被发现的土地,没有人见过它的地平线,一个超越所有人类已知的理想国家和避难所的世界,一个如此充满美丽、奇异、怀疑、恐惧和神性的世界,以至于我们的好奇心和占有欲疯狂地渴望。唉!面对这样的景象,在我们的良知和意识中有如此强烈的渴望,我们怎么能仍然满足于当今的人类呢?这确实很糟糕;但是,对我们来说,带着掩饰不住的娱乐感,或者也许根本不去考虑他们最值得的目标和希望,这是不可避免的。另一个理想现在引领着我们,一个奇妙而诱人的理想,充满了危险,我们不愿意劝任何人追求这个理想,因为我们并不轻易承认任何人有权利追求它:一个精神上的理想,他天真地(也就是说,不自觉地,并作为过剩能量和力量的结果)对待迄今为止被称为神圣、善良、不可侵犯和神圣的一切;对他来说,即使是普通人合理地将其作为价值标准的最高事物,也不过是一种危险、衰退和贬低,或者至少是一种放松和暂时的自我遗忘:一个人类意义上的超凡的幸福和善意,这种善意往往显得不近人情——例如,当它站在地球上所有过去的严肃性以及所有过去在听觉、言语、语气、眼神、道德和职责方面的庄重仪式旁边时,它似乎是它们最生动和无意识的模仿,但它却可能是伟大严肃性的开始,疑问的第一个符号被附上,灵魂的命运发生变化,时钟指针移动,悲剧开始了。”33Hasanyoneattheendofthenineteenthcenturyanydistinctnotionofwhatpoetsofastrongerageunderstoodbythewordinspiration?Ifnot,Iwilldescribeit.Ifonehadthesmallestvestigeofsuperstitionleftinone,itwouldhardlybepossiblecompletelytosetasidetheideathatoneisthemereincarnation,mouthpiece,ormediumofanalmightypower.Theideaofrevelation,inthesensethatsomethingwhichprofoundlyconvulsesandupsetsonebecomessuddenlyvisibleandaudiblewithindescribablecertaintyandaccuracy—describesthesimplefact.Onehears—onedoesnotseek;onetakes—onedoesnotaskwhogives:athoughtsuddenlyflashesuplikelightning,itcomeswithnecessity,withoutfaltering—Ihaveneverhadanychoiceinthematter.Thereisanecstasysogreatthattheimmensestrainofitissometimesrelaxedbyafloodoftears,duringwhichone'sstepsnowinvoluntarilyrushandanoninvoluntarilylag.Thereisthefeelingthatoneisutterlyoutofhand,withtheverydistinctconsciousnessofanendlessnumberoffinethrillsandtitillationsdescendingtoone'sverytoes;—thereisadepthofhappinessinwhichthemostpainfulandgloomypartsdonotactasantithesestotherest,butareproducedandrequiredasnecessaryshadesofcolourinsuchanoverflowoflight.Thereisaninstinctforrhythmicrelationswhichembracesawholeworldofforms(length,theneedofawide-embracingrhythm,isalmostthemeasureoftheforceofaninspiration,asortofcounterparttoitspressureandtension).Everythinghappensquiteinvoluntarily,asifinatempestuousoutburstoffreedom,ofabsoluteness,ofpoweranddivinity.Theinvoluntarynatureofthefiguresandsimilesisthemostremarkablething;onelosesallperceptionofwhatisimageryandmetaphor;everythingseemstopresentitselfasthereadiest,thetruest,andsimplestmeansofexpression.Itactuallyseems,touseoneofZarathustra'sownphrases,asifallthingscametoone,andofferedthemselvesassimiles.("Heredoallthingscomecaressinglytothydiscourseandflatterthee,fortheywouldfainrideuponthyback.Oneverysimilethouridesthereuntoeverytruth.Hereflyopenuntotheeallthespeechandwordshrinesoftheworld,herewouldallexistencebecomespeech,herewouldallBecominglearnoftheehowtospeak.")Thisismyexperienceofinspiration.IdonotdoubtbutthatIshouldhavetogobackthousandsofyearsbeforeIcouldfindanotherwhocouldsaytome:"Itisminealso!"在十九世纪末是否有人对灵感这个词有着清晰的概念?如果没有,我会来描述它。如果一个人还保留着一丝迷信的痕迹,几乎不可能完全排除自己仅仅是全能力量的化身、代言人或媒介的想法。启示的概念,即某种深刻震撼并颠覆自己的东西突然变得清晰可见且可听见,以难以形容的确定性和准确性——这就是简单的事实。我听到而不是寻找;我接受而没有询问是谁给予的:一个想法突然像闪电一样闪现,它是必然的,没有犹豫——我从未有过选择的余地。有一种狂喜,如此强烈,以至于有时会因一阵眼泪而缓解,此时的步伐既不由自主地加快,又不由自主地放慢。有一种感觉,感觉自己完全失控了,同时也非常清楚地意识到无数细微的颤动和刺激传达到脚趾;——有一种深度的幸福感,在这种光的泛滥中,最痛苦和阴郁的部分并不作为其余部分的对立面,而是作为必要色调被产生和要求,就像在这样的光明溢出中必不可少的颜色一样。有一种对节奏关系的本能,涵盖了整个形式的世界(长度、对广泛节奏的需求几乎是灵感力量的衡量标准,是其压力和张力的某种反面)。所有事情都完全不由自主地发生,仿佛在一场狂风骤雨般的自由、绝对、权力和神性的爆发中。这些形象和比喻的不由自主性是最显著的特点;失去了对什么是隐喻和比喻的所有感知;一切都似乎呈现为最现成、最真实、最简单的表达方式。实际上,这似乎正如《查拉图斯特拉如是说》中的一句话所言,仿佛所有事物都来到你面前,并以隐喻的形式向你献媚。“在这里,万物都来抚慰你的言辞,并向你献媚,因为它们想骑在你的背上。在这每一个隐喻上,你骑向每一个真理。在这里,世界所有话语和言辞的圣殿都向你敞开,这里所有的存在都想成为话语,这里所有的生成都在学习如何说话。”这是我关于灵感的经验。我不怀疑,我必须追溯到几千年前才能找到另一个人对我说:“这也是我的!”44ForafewweeksafterwardsIlayaninvalidinGenoa.ThenfollowedamelancholyspringinRome,whereIonlyjustmanagedtolive—andthiswasnoeasymatter.Thiscity,whichisabsolutelyunsuitedtothepoet-authorofZarathustra,andforthechoiceofwhichIwasnotresponsible,mademeinordinatelymiserable.Itriedtoleaveit.IwantedtogotoAquila—theoppositeofRomeineveryrespect,andactuallyfoundedinaspiritofhostilitytowardsthatcity,justasIalsoshallfoundacitysomeday,asamementoofanatheistandgenuineenemyoftheChurch,apersonverycloselyrelatedtome,thegreatHohenstaufen,theEmperorFrederickII.ButFatelaybehinditall:IhadtoreturnagaintoRome.IntheendIwasobligedtobesatisfiedwiththePiazzaBarberini,afterIhadexertedmyselfinvaintofindananti-Christianquarter.Ifearthatononeoccasion,toavoidbadsmellsasmuchaspossible,IactuallyinquiredatthePalazzodelQuirinalewhethertheycouldnotprovideaquietroomforaphilosopher.InachamberhighabovethePiazzajustmentioned,fromwhichoneobtainedageneralviewofRome,andcouldhearthefountainsplashingfarbelow,theloneliestofallsongswascomposed—"TheNight-Song."AboutthistimeIwasobsessedbyanunspeakablysadmelody,therefrainofwhichIrecognisedintheaffords,"deadthroughimmortality,"...Inthesummer,findingmyselfoncemoreinthesacredplacewherethefirstthoughtofZarathustraflashedlikealightacrossmymind,Iconceivedthesecondpart.Tendayssufficed.Neitherforthesecond,thefirst,northethirdpart,haveIrequiredadaylonger.Intheensuingwinter,beneaththehalcyonskyofNice,whichthenforthefirsttimepoureditslightintomylife,IfoundthethirdZarathustra—andcametotheendofmytask:thewholehavingoccupiedmescarcelyayear.ManyhiddencornersandheightsinthecountryroundaboutNicearehallowedformebymomentsthatIcanneverforget.Thatdecisivechapter,entitled"OldandNewTables,"wascomposedduringthearduousascentfromthestationtoEza—thatwonderfulMoorishvillageintherocks.Duringthosemomentswhenmycreativeenergyflowedmostplentifully,mymuscularactivitywasalwaysgreatest.Thebodyisinspired:letuswaivethequestionof"soul."Imightoftenhavebeenseendancinginthosedays,andIcouldthenwalkforsevenoreighthoursonendoverthehillswithoutasuggestionoffatigue.Isleptwellandlaughedagooddeal—Iwasperfectlyrobustandpatient.在之后的几周里,我卧病在床,住在热那亚。然后在罗马迎来了一段忧郁的春天,在那里我勉强度日——这并非易事。这个城市完全不适合《查拉图斯特拉如是说》的诗人作者,而我选择它并非出于自己的意愿,这让我极度痛苦。我尝试离开它。我想去阿奎拉——在各方面都与罗马截然相反的城市,并且实际上是在一种敌对的精神下建立的,就像我将来某一天也会建立一座城市一样,作为一位无神论者和真正的教会敌人,一个与我关系非常密切的人,伟大的霍恩施陶芬家族的皇帝腓特烈二世的纪念。但命运掌控了一切:我不得不再次回到罗马。最后,我在巴贝里尼广场勉强满足自己,因为我徒劳地寻找了一个反基督教的区域。我担心有一次,为了尽量避免难闻的气味,我实际上在奎里纳莱宫询问他们是否可以为哲学家提供一个安静的房间。在一个高处的房间里,从那里可以俯瞰整个罗马,还能听到远处喷泉潺潺的声音,创作了这首最孤独的歌曲——“夜之歌”。在这段时间里,我被一种无法形容的悲伤旋律所困扰,我认出了其中的副歌:“因永生而死”,……夏天的时候,我又一次回到了那个神圣的地方,在那里查拉图斯特拉的第一个念头像一道光掠过我的脑海,我构思了第二部分。十天就足够了。无论是第二部分,还是第一部分,或者是第三部分,我都无需多花一天时间。在随后的冬天,沐浴在尼斯那温煦的天空下,那阳光第一次照亮了我的生活,我找到了第三部《查拉图斯特拉如是说》,并完成了我的任务:这一切几乎只花费了我一年的时间。尼斯周围的许多隐秘角落和高地因那些我永远不会忘记的时刻而对我而言变得神圣。那决定性的章节,题为“旧道德与新道德”,是在从车站艰难攀登到埃扎村(那个位于岩石中的奇妙摩尔人村庄)的过程中完成的。在我创造力最旺盛的时刻,我的肌肉活动总是最大。身体得到了启发:让我们暂且不谈“灵魂”的问题。那些日子我经常被人看到跳舞,我可以连续七、八个小时在山丘上行走而不感到一丝疲惫。我睡得很好,笑得很多——我非常健康、坚韧。55Withtheexceptionoftheseperiodsofindustrylastingtendays,theyearsIspentduringtheproductionofZarathustra,andthereafter,wereformeyearsofunparalleleddistress.Amanpaysdearlyforbeingimmortal:tothisendhemustdiemanytimesoverduringhislife.ThereissuchathingaswhatIcalltherancourofgreatness:everythinggreat,whetheraworkoradeed,onceitiscompleted,turnsimmediatelyagainstitsauthor.Theveryfactthatheisitsauthormakeshimweakatthistime.Hecannolongerendurehisdeed.Hecannolongerlookitfullintheface.Tohavesomethingatone'sbackwhichonecouldneverhavewilled,somethingtowhichtheknotofhumandestinyisattached—andtobeforcedthenceforwardtobearitonone'sshoulders!Why,italmostcrushesone!Therancourofgreatness!Asomewhatdifferentexperienceistheuncannysilencethatreignsaboutone.Solitudehassevenskinswhichnothingcanpenetrate.Onegoesamongmen;onegreetsfriends:butthesethingsareonlynewdeserts,thelooksofthoseonemeetsnolongerbearagreeting.Atthebestoneencountersasortofrevolt.Thisfeelingofrevolt,Isuffered,invaryingdegreesofintensity,atthehandsofalmosteveryonewhocamenearme;itwouldseemthatnothinginflictsadeeperwoundthansuddenlytomakeone'sdistancefelt.Thosenoblenaturesarescarcewhoknownothowtoliveunlesstheycanrevere.Athirdthingistheabsurdsusceptibilityoftheskintosmallpin-pricks,akindofhelplessnessinthepresenceofallsmallthings.Thisseemstomeanecessaryoutcomeoftheappallingexpenditureofalldefensiveforces,whichisthefirstconditionofeverycreativeact,ofeveryactwhichproceedsfromthemostintimate,mostsecret,andmostconcealedrecessesofaman'sbeing.Thesmalldefensiveforcesarethus,asitwere,suspended,andnofreshenergyreachesthem.Ieventhinkitprobablethatonedoesnotdigestsowell,thatoneislesswillingtomove,andthatoneismuchtooopentosensationsofcoldnessandsuspicion;for,inalargenumberofcases,suspicionismerelyablunderinetiology.OnoneoccasionwhenIfeltlikethisIbecameconsciousoftheproximityofaherdofcows,sometimebeforeIcouldpossiblyhaveseenitwithmyeyes,simplyowingtoareturninmeofmilderandmorehumanesentiments:theycommunicatedwarmthtome....除了这些持续十天的工业生产时期之外,在我创作《查拉图斯特拉如是说》以及之后的那些年里,对我来说都是前所未有的痛苦岁月。一个人要付出高昂的代价才能获得永生:为了这个目的,他必须在一生中多次死去。有一种我称之为伟大的怨恨的东西存在:无论是一项作品还是一件行为,一旦完成,就会立即转向其作者。仅仅是他作为作者的事实,就让他在这个时候变得软弱无力。他已经不能再承受自己的行为。他再也不能正视它。背负着一件你从未愿意拥有的东西,一件与人类命运之结相连的东西——并且从此被迫将其扛在肩上!为什么,这几乎会压垮人!伟大的怨恨!另一种截然不同的体验是周围那种令人不安的寂静。孤独有七层皮肤,没有任何东西能够穿透它。一个人与人们相处;问候朋友:但这些只是新的荒野,遇到的人们的眼神不再带有问候。即便如此,也常常遭遇某种反抗。这种反抗的感觉,我在不同程度的强度下,几乎从每个接近我的人那里都感受到了;似乎没有什么比突然让人感受到距离更伤人的了。那些不知道如何生活而不去敬仰的人很少。第三件事是对小刺痛的荒谬敏感性,一种在面对所有小事时的无助感。在我看来,这是令人毛骨悚然地耗尽所有防御力量的必然结果,这是每一个创造性行为,每一个来自人最隐秘、最隐蔽内心深处的行为的第一个条件。因此,小的防御力量仿佛被悬置起来,没有新的能量到达它们。我甚至认为,消化得不好,不太愿意移动,对寒冷和怀疑的感觉过于敏感也是可能的;因为在许多情况下,怀疑只是一种因果关系上的错误。有一次,当我有这样的感觉时,我意识到了一群牛的临近,尽管我用眼睛不可能看到它之前很久,只是因为我内心的温和与人性情感复苏了:它们向我传达了温暖……66Thisworkstandsalone.Donotletusmentionthepoetsinthesamebreath;nothingperhapshaseverbeenproducedoutofsuchasuperabundanceofstrength.Myconcept"Dionysian"herebecamethehighestdeed;comparedwithiteverythingthatothermenhavedoneseemspoorandlimited.ThefactthataGoetheoraShakespearewouldnotforaninstanthaveknownhowtotakebreathinthisatmosphereofpassionandoftheheights;thefactthatbythesideofZarathustra,Danteisnomorethanabeliever,andnotonewhofirstcreatesthetruth—thatistosay,notaworld-rulingspirit,aFate;thefactthatthepoetsoftheVedawerepriestsandnotevenfittounfastenZarathustra'ssandal—allthisistheleastofthings,andgivesnoideaofthedistance,oftheazuresolitude,inwhichthisworkdwells.Zarathustrahasaneternalrighttosay:"Idrawaroundmecirclesandholyboundaries.Everfeweraretheythatmountwithmetoeverloftierheights.Ibuildmeamountainrangeofeverholiermountains."Ifallthespiritandgoodnessofeverygreatsoulwerecollectedtogether,thewholecouldnotcreateasingleoneofZarathustra'sdiscourses.Theladderuponwhichherisesanddescendsisofboundlesslength;hehasseenfurther,hehaswilledfurther,andgonefurtherthananyotherman.Thereiscontradictionineverywordthatheutters,thismostyea-sayingofallspirits.Throughhimallcontradictionsareboundupintoanewunity.Theloftiestandthebasestpowersofhumannature,thesweetest,thelightest,andthemostterrible,rushforthfromoutonespringwitheverlastingcertainty.Untilhiscomingnooneknewwhatwasheight,ordepth,andstilllesswhatwastruth.Thereisnotasinglepassageinthisrevelationoftruthwhichhadalreadybeenanticipatedanddivinedbyeventhegreatestamongmen.BeforeZarathustratherewasnowisdom,noprobingofthesoul,noartofspeech:inhisbook,themostfamiliarandmostvulgarthinguttersunheard-ofwords.Thesentencequiverswithpassion.Eloquencehasbecomemusic.Forksoflightningarehurledtowardsfuturesofwhichnoonehaseverdreamedbefore.Themostpowerfuluseofparablesthathasyetexistedispoorbesideit,andmerechild's-playcomparedwiththisreturnoflanguagetothenatureofimagery.SeehowZarathustragoesdownfromthemountainandspeaksthekindestwordstoeveryone!Seewithwhatdelicatefingershetoucheshisveryadversaries,thepriests,andhowhesufferswiththemfromthemselves!Here,ateverymoment,manisovercome,andtheconcept"Superman"becomesthegreatestreality,—outofsight,almostfarawaybeneathhim,liesallthatwhichheretoforehasbeencalledgreatinman.Thehalcyonicbrightness,thelightfeet,thepresenceofwickednessandexuberancethroughout,andallthatistheessenceofthetypeZarathustra,wasneverdreamtofbeforeasaprerequisiteofgreatness.InpreciselytheselimitsofspaceandinthisaccessibilitytooppositesZarathustrafeelshimselfthehighestofalllivingthings:andwhenyouhearhowhedefinesthishighest,youwillgiveuptryingtofindhisequal.这部作品卓然独立。切莫提及诗人与之同日而语;或许从来没有任何作品是出自如此充沛的力量。我的“酒神”概念在这里成为至高的行动;与之相比,其他人在做的事情显得多么贫乏和有限。歌德或莎士比亚哪怕片刻也无法在这激情与高处的气息中呼吸;与查拉图斯特拉并列,但丁不过是一名信徒,而非创造真理的人——也就是说,不是一个统治世界的灵魂,不是命运;吠陀诗人的作者是祭司,甚至不配解开查拉图斯特拉的凉鞋——所有这些不过是小事,无法展现这部作品所居住的遥远距离、湛蓝孤寂。查拉图斯特拉有权利说:“我围绕自己画出圈和神圣的边界。越来越少的人能与我一同攀登到更高的高度。我为自己建造了一座越来越神圣的高山。”如果所有伟大灵魂的精神和善良都被收集在一起,这整体也无法创造出一句查拉图斯特拉的话语。他上下攀升的梯子无穷无尽;他比任何人都看得更远,意愿得更多,走得更远。他所说的话中充满矛盾,这是所有精神中最肯定“是”的一种。通过他,所有的矛盾被整合成一个新的统一。人类天性中最高尚和最卑微的力量,最甜美、最轻盈、最可怕的,都从同一个源泉以永恒的确定性涌现出来。在他之前,没有人知道什么是高度,什么是深度,更不用说什么是真理了。在这部揭示真理的作品中,没有一段话是已经被最伟大的人预见和领悟过的。在查拉图斯特拉之前,没有智慧,没有探求灵魂,也没有演讲的艺术:在他的书中,最熟悉和最庸俗的东西说出闻所未闻的话语。句子因激情而颤动。雄辩已成为音乐。闪电投向从未有人梦想过的未来。迄今为止存在的最强大的寓言使用方式相比之下显得贫乏,与这种语言回归意象本质的回归相比更是小孩子的游戏。看啊,查拉图斯特拉下山,对他遇到的每个人说最温柔的话语!看他如何用纤细的手指触碰他的对手——祭司们,又如何因他们的痛苦而与他们同悲!在此,每时每刻,人都被超越,而“超人”概念成为最大的现实——所有以前被称为人伟大的东西,都几乎远远地落在他之下。宁静的光辉,轻盈的步伐,邪恶和活力的无处不在,这些都是查拉图斯特拉类型的精髓,从未有人想到过这些是伟大的先决条件。正是在这个空间的界限内,在这种对对立面的可接近性中,查拉图斯特拉感到自己是所有生命中最高的;当你听到他如何定义这个最高境界时,你将放弃寻找他的对手。"Thesoulwhichhaththelongestladderandcanstepdowndeepest,"拥有最长梯子并能迈入最深处的灵魂,"Thevastestsoulthatcanrunandstrayandrovefurthestinitsowndomain,“拥有最广阔灵魂的人,能在自己的领域内奔跑、游荡、漫游得最远,"Themostnecessarysoul,thatoutofdesireflingethitselftochance,“最必要的灵魂,那些出于渴望而投身于偶然的,"ThestablesoulthatplungethintoBecoming,thepossessingsoulthatmustneedstasteofwillingandlonging,“灵魂若投身于存在,拥有意志并渴望,那稳定的灵魂,"Thesoulthatflyethfromitself,andover-takethitselfinthewidestcircle,"那逃避自我的灵魂,且在最广大的圆圈里追逐自身的灵魂,"Thewisestsoulthatfollyexhortethmostsweetly,"被愚蠢劝导得最甜美的人是智慧的灵魂,"Themostself-lovingsoul,inwhomallthingshavetheirrise,theirebbandflow.""最自爱的灵魂,万物皆由此兴起、退落。"ButthisistheveryideaofDionysus.Anotherconsiderationleadstothisidea.ThepsychologicalproblempresentedbythetypeofZarathustrais,howcanhe,whoinanunprecedentedmannersaysno,andactsno,inregardtoallthatwhichhasbeenaffirmedhitherto,remainneverthelessayea-sayingspirit?howcanhewhobearstheheaviestdestinyonhisshouldersandwhoseverylife-taskisafatality,yetbethebrightestandthemosttranscendentalofspirits—forZarathustraisadancer?howcanhewhohasthehardestandmostterriblegraspofreality,andwhohasthoughtthemost"abysmalthoughts,"neverthelessavoidconceivingthesethingsasobjectionstoexistence,orevenasobjectionstotheeternalrecurrenceofexistence?—howisitthatonthecontraryhefindsreasonsforbeinghimselftheeternalaffirmationofallthings,"thetremendousandunlimitedsayingofYeaandAmen"?..."IntoeveryabyssdoIbearthebenedictionofmyyeatoLife."...Butthis,oncemore,ispreciselytheideaofDionysus.但是这就是狄奥尼索斯的观念。另一个考虑引导出这个观念。查拉图斯特拉这种类型所提出的心理问题是:他如何能够在一种前所未有的方式下对迄今为止所肯定的一切说“不”,并且行动上也说“不”,却依然保持为一个肯定精神?他如何能够在肩负最沉重命运的同时,其生命任务本身就是一种宿命,却成为最明亮且最具超越性的精神——因为查拉图斯特拉是一个舞者?他如何能够在对现实有着最坚硬和最可怕的把握,并且思考了最“深渊的思想”的情况下,却避免把这些东西视为对存在的反对,甚至是对存在永恒轮回的反对?相反,他如何能找到理由成为所有事物永恒肯定的自己,“对一切事物巨大的、无限制的‘是’和‘阿门’”?……“我在每一个深渊中都带着我对生命的祝福之‘是’。”……但是这,再一次,正是狄奥尼索斯的观念。77Whatlanguagewillsuchaspiritspeak,whenhespeaksuntohissoul?Thelanguageofthedithyramb.Iamtheinventorofthedithyramb.HearkenuntothemannerinwhichZarathustraspeakstohissoulBeforeSunrise(iii.48).Beforemytimesuchemeraldjoysanddivinetendernesshadfoundnotongue.EventheprofoundestmelancholyofsuchaDionysustakesshapeasadithyramb.AsanexampleofthisItake"TheNight-Song,"—theimmortalplaintofonewho,thankstohissuperabundanceoflightandpower,thankstothesunwithinhim,iscondemnednevertolove.这样的精神对他自己的灵魂说话时,会说什么语言呢?酒神颂的语言。我是酒神颂的发明者。倾听查拉图斯特拉在日出之前(第三卷,第四十八节)对自己灵魂的讲话方式。在我的时代之前,如此翡翠般的喜悦和神圣的温柔找不到合适的言辞表达。即使这样一位狄俄尼索斯最深沉的忧郁,也会以酒神颂的形式呈现出来。作为例子,我选择“夜之歌”,——一个因光和力量的过剩而注定无法去爱的人永不停息的哀诉。"Itisnight:nowdoallgushingspringsraisetheirvoices.Andmysoultooisagushingspring."现在是夜晚:此刻所有的涌泉都高声鸣唱。我的灵魂也是一股涌泉。"Itisnight:nowonlydoallloversburstintosong.Andmysoultooisthesongofalover."现在是夜晚:只有此刻所有的恋人才会放声歌唱。而我的灵魂也是恋人之歌。"Somethingunquenchedandunquenchableiswithinme,thatwouldraiseitsvoice.Acravingforloveiswithinme,whichitselfspeakeththelanguageoflove.「有一种无法满足也永不熄灭的东西在我内心燃烧,它渴望发声。一种对爱的渴望在我心中涌动,它本身诉说着爱的语言。"LightamI:wouldthatIwerenight!Butthisismyloneliness,thatIambegirtwithlight."我很轻盈:但愿我是沉重的!然而这正是我的孤独,我被光所环绕。"Alas,whyamInotdarkandlikeuntothenight!HowjoyfullywouldIthensuckatthebreastsoflight!"哀哉,我为何不是黑暗的!我就要在光明的乳房上欢快地吸吮!"AndevenyouwouldIbless,yetwinklingstarletsandglow-wormsonhigh!andbeblessedinthegiftsofyourlight.“我甚至会祝福你们,你们这些高处闪烁的星星和萤火虫!并因你们光明的馈赠而蒙福。"ButinmineownlightdoIlive,everbackintomyselfdoIdrinktheflamesIsendforth."但在自己的光芒中我活着,不断地将我发出的火焰饮回自身。"Iknownotthehappinessofthehandstretchedforthtograsp;andofthaveIdreamtthatstealingmustbemoreblessedthantaking.“我不知道伸手去抓取的人所感受到的幸福;并且我常常梦见偷窃比夺取更为幸福。"WretchedamIthatmyhandmayneverrestfromgiving:anenviousfateisminethatIseeexpectanteyesandnightsmadebrightwithlonging.“可悲的是我的手永远无法停止给予:命运对我如此嫉妒,我看到期待的眼睛和因渴望而明亮的夜晚。"Oh,thewretchednessofallthemthatgive!Oh,thecloudsthatcoverthefaceofmysun!Thatcravingfordesire!thatburninghungerattheendofthefeast!“啊,给予者的所有不幸!啊,遮蔽我阳光面容的乌云!那对欲望的渴望!那盛宴之后的灼热饥渴!"TheytakewhatIgivethem;butdoItouchtheirsoul?Agulfisthere'twixtgivingandtaking;andthesmallestgulfisthelasttobebridged.“他们拿走我给予的一切;但我是否触及了他们的灵魂?给予与接受之间有一道鸿沟,而最小的鸿沟是最难跨越的。"Anappetiteisbornfromoutmybeauty:wouldthatImightdoharmtothemthatIfillwithlight;wouldthatImightrobthemofthegiftsIhavegiven:—thusdoIthirstforwickedness."欲望从我的美中诞生:我希望我能伤害那些被光明充满的人;我希望我能夺回我所给予的礼物:——我渴望邪恶。"Towithdrawmyhandwhentheirhandisreadystretchedforthlikethewaterfallthatwavers,waverseveninitsfall:—thusdoIthirstforwickedness."当他们的手已向前伸直,就像摇摆的瀑布,在坠落时也摇摆不定时,我收回我的手:——我渴望邪恶如此之甚。"Forsuchvengeancedothmyfulnessyearn:tosuchtricksdothmylonelinessgivebirth.“我的丰盈渴望这样的复仇:我的孤独孕育了这样的诡计。"Myjoyingivingdiedwiththedeed.Byitsveryfulnessdidmyvirtuegrowwearyofitself.「我对给予的喜悦随着这个行为而消逝了。正因其无比丰盈,我的美德对自己感到厌倦。"Hewhogivethriskethtolosehisshame;hethatiseverdistributinggrowethcallousinhandandhearttherefrom.给予者冒着失去羞耻的风险;而那些总是施予的人,手和心都会因此变得麻木。"Mineeyesnolongermeltintotearsatthesightofthesuppliant'sshame;myhandhathbecometoohardtofeelthequiveringofladenhands.“我的眼睛不再因看到祈求者的羞愧而流泪;我的手变得太过坚硬,无法感受到负重的手的颤抖。"Whitherhaveyefled,thetearsofmineeyesandthebloomofmyheart?Oh,thesolitudeofallgivers!Oh,thesilenceofallbeacons!“你们逃往何处,我的眼泪和心灵的花朵?啊,给予者的孤独!啊,灯塔的寂静!"Manyarethesunsthatcircleinbarrenspace;toallthatisdarkdotheyspeakwiththeirlight—tomealonearetheysilent."在荒凉的太空中有许多围绕运行的太阳;它们用光明向一切黑暗诉说——唯独对我保持沉默。"Alas,thisisthehatredoflightforthatwhichshineth:pitilessitrunnethitscourse.“唉,这是光明对光辉之物的憎恨:无情地,它运行着它的轨迹。"Unfairinitsinmosthearttothatwhichshineth;coldtowardsuns,—thusdotheverysungoitsway."内心深处对发光之物不公,对待太阳冷漠,——每个太阳都走自己的路。""Likeatempestdothesunsflyovertheircourse:forsuchistheirway.Theirownunswervingwilldotheyfollow:thatistheircoldness."就像暴风雨中的太阳般飞速掠过它们的轨迹:这就是它们的道路。它们遵循自身坚定不移的意志:那就是它们的冷漠。"Alas,itisyealone,yecreaturesofgloom,yespiritsofthenight,thattakeyourwarmthfromthatwhichshineth.Yealonesuckyourmilkandcomfortfromtheuddersoflight."唉,唯有你们,这些阴郁的生灵,这些夜晚的精灵,从那发光之物汲取温暖。唯有你们从光明的乳汁中吮吸营养并获得慰藉。"Alas,aboutmethereisice,myhandburnethitselfagainstice!"唉,我周围都是冰,我的手被冰灼伤了!"Alas,withinmeisathirstthatthirstethforyourthirst!“啊,我的内心有一种渴望,渴望你的渴望!"Itisnight:woeisme,thatImustneedsbelight!Andthirstafterdarkness!Andloneliness!"夜幕降临:我多么不幸,竟然必须变得光明!渴望黑暗!渴望孤独!"Itisnight:nowdothmylongingburstforthlikeaspring,—forspeechdoIlong."现在是夜晚:此刻我的渴望像泉水一样喷涌而出,——我渴望说话。"Itisnight:nowdoallgushingspringsraisetheirvoices.Andmysoultooisagushingspring."现在是夜晚:此刻所有的涌泉都发出声响。我的灵魂也是一股涌泉。"Itisnight:nowonlydoallloversburstintosong.Andmysoultooisthesongofalover.""现在是夜晚:只有此时,所有的恋人才会放声歌唱。而我的灵魂也是恋人的歌。88Suchthingshaveneverbeenwritten,neverbeenfelt,neverbeensuffered:onlyaGod,onlyDionysussuffersinthisway.Thereplytosuchadithyrambonthesun'ssolitudeinlightwouldbeAriadne....Whoknows,butI,whoAriadneis!Toallsuchriddlesnooneheretoforehadeverfoundananswer;Idoubtevenwhetheranyonehadeverseenariddlehere.OnedayZarathustraseverelydetermineshislife-task—anditisalsomine.Letnoonemisunderstanditsmeaning.It'sayea-sayingtothepointofjustifying,tothepointofredeemingevenallthatispast.这样的事情从未被写过,从未被感受过,从未被承受过:只有神,只有狄俄尼索斯才能这样受苦。对这样一个关于太阳孤独于光明的酒神颂的回应是阿里阿德涅。……谁知道呢,但我,我知道阿里阿德涅是谁!对于所有这些谜题,此前从来没有人找到过答案;我甚至怀疑是否有人在这里看到了一个谜题。有一天,查拉图斯特拉严肃地决定了他的人生任务——这也是我的任务。请不要误解它的含义。这是一种肯定,一种近乎为一切过往辩护、甚至救赎的肯定。"Iwalkamongmenasamongfragmentsofthefuture:ofthatfuturewhichIsee."我与人类同行,如同行于未来的碎片之间:那是我所见的未来。"Andallmycreativenessandeffortisbutthis,thatImaybeabletothinkandrecastallthesefragmentsandriddlesanddismalaccidentsintoonepiece."而我所有的创造力和努力,不过是为了能够将所有这些碎片、谜题以及令人沮丧的意外事件重新组合成一个整体。"AndhowcouldIbeartobeaman,ifmanwerenotalsoapoet,ariddlereader,andaredeemerofchance!“而且,如果人不是同时也是一个诗人、一个谜语的解读者,以及偶然事件的救赎者,我又怎能忍受做一个男人呢!"Toredeemallthepast,andtotransformevery'itwas'into'thuswouldIhaveit'—thatalonewouldbemysalvation!"「要赎回一切的过去,并将每一个‘曾经’都转化为‘我愿如此’——唯有这,才是我的救赎!」Inanotherpassagehedefinesasstrictlyaspossiblewhattohimalone"man"canbe,—notasubjectforlovenoryetforpity—Zarathustrabecamemasterevenofhisloathingofman:manistohimathingunshaped,rawmaterial,anuglystonethatneedsthesculptor'schisel.在另一段文字中,他尽可能严格地定义了在他看来“人”究竟是什么——既不是值得爱的对象,也不是怜悯的对象——扎拉图斯特拉甚至成为了自己厌恶人类的主人:在他眼中,人是一种未完成的东西,是未经雕琢的原始材料,是一块需要雕刻家刻刀的丑陋石头。"Nolongertowill,nolongertovalue,nolongertocreate!Oh,thatthisgreatwearinessmayneverbemine!“不再有意志,不再有价值,不再去创造!哦,愿这样的巨大疲惫永远不会降临于我!"Eveninthelustofknowledge,Ifeelonlythejoyofmywilltobegetandtogrow;andiftherebeinnocenceinmyknowledge,itisbecausemyprocreativewillisinit.即使在求知的欲望之中,我也只感受到我孕育和成长的意志的快乐;如果我的知识中有纯真,那是因为我的创造性意志存在于其中。"AwayfromGodandgodsdidthiswilllureme:whatwouldtherebetocreateifthereweregods?"远离神和诸神曾诱惑我:如果有神,还有什么值得创造的呢?"Buttomandothiteverdrivemeanew,myburning,creativewill.Thusdrivethitthehammertothestone.“但它总是再次把我炽热的、富有创造力的意志引向人类。于是,它驱使锤子敲击石头。"Alas,yemen,withinthestonetheresleepethanimageforme,theimageofallmydreams!Alas,thatitshouldhavetosleepinthehardestanduglieststone!"唉,人们啊,在这石头之中沉睡着一个属于我的形象,那是我所有梦想的形象!唉,它不得不在最坚硬、最丑陋的石头中沉睡!"Nowragethmyhammerruthlesslyagainstitsprison.Fromthestonethefragmentsfly:what'sthattome?"现在我的锤子无情地砸向它的牢笼。从石头上飞溅出碎片:这与我何干?"Iwillfinishit:forashadowcameuntome—thestillestandlightestthingonearthoncecameuntome!"我一定会完成它:因为有一道阴影来到我身边——世上最宁静、最轻盈的东西曾经来到我身边!"ThebeautyoftheSupermancameuntomeasashadow.Alas,mybrethren!Whatarethe—godstomenow?"“超人的美丽像影子一样降临于我。唉,我的兄弟们!众神现在对我还有什么意义呢?”Letmecallattentiontoonelastpointofview.Thelineinitalicsismypretextforthisremark.ADionysianlife-taskneedsthehardnessofthehammer,andoneofitsfirstessentialsiswithoutdoubtthejoyevenofdestruction.Thecommand,"Hardenyourselves!"andthedeepconvictionthatallcreatorsarehard,isthereallydistinctivesignofaDionysiannature.让我指出最后一个观点。斜体字的那句话是我的这一评论的借口。狄俄尼索斯式的生活任务需要锤子般的坚硬,毫无疑问,其首要条件之一就是破坏的快乐。命令“使自己变得坚强!”以及深信所有创造者都是坚强的,是狄俄尼索斯性格真正独特的标志。