瞧!这个人

为何我写出如此卓越的书

1Iamonething,mycreationsareanother.Here,beforeIspeakofthebooksthemselves,Ishalltouchuponthequestionoftheunderstandingandmisunderstandingwithwhichtheyhavemet.Ishallproceedtodothisinasperfunctoryamannerastheoccasiondemands;forthetimehasbynomeanscomeforthisquestion.Mytimehasnotyetcomeeither;somearebornposthumously.Onesdayinstitutionswillbeneededinwhichmenwillliveandteach,asIunderstandlivingandteaching;maybe,also,thatbythattime,chairswillbefoundedandendowedfortheinterpretationofZarathustra.ButIshouldregarditasacompletecontradictionofmyself,ifIexpectedtofindearsandeyesformytruthsto-day:thefactthatnoonelistenstome,thatnooneknowshowtoreceiveatmyhandsto-day,isnotonlycomprehensible,itseemstomequitetheproperthing.Idonotwishtobemistakenforanother—andtothisendImustnotmistakemyself.TorepeatwhatIhavealreadysaid,Icanpointtobutfewinstancesofill-willinmylife:andasforliteraryill-will,Icouldmentionscarcelyasingleexampleofit.Ontheotherhand,Ihavemetwithfartoomuchpurefoolery!...Itseemstomethattotakeuponeofmybooksisoneoftheraresthonoursthatamancanpayhimself—evensupposingthatheputhisshoesfromoffhisfeetbeforehand,nottomentionboots....WhenononeoccasionDr.HeinrichvonSteinhonestlycomplainedthathecouldnotunderstandawordofmyZarathustra,Isaidtohimthatthiswasjustasitshouldbe:tohaveunderstoodsixsentencesinthatbook—thatistosay,tohavelivedthem—raisesamantoahigherlevelamongmortalsthan"modern"mencanattain.WiththisfeelingofdistancehowcouldIevenwishtobereadbythe"moderns"whomIknow!MytriumphisjusttheoppositeofwhatSchopenhauer'swas—Isay"Nonlegor,nonlegar."—NotthatIshouldliketounderestimatethepleasureIhavederivedfromtheinnocencewithwhichmyworkshavefrequentlybeencontradicted.Aslateaslastsummer,atatimewhenIwasattempting,perhapsbymeansofmyweighty,all-too-weightyliterature,tothrowtherestofliteratureoffitsbalance,acertainprofessorofBerlinUniversitykindlygavemetounderstandthatIoughtreallytomakeuseofadifferentform:noonecouldreadsuchstuffasIwrote.—Finally,itwasnotGermany,butSwitzerlandthatpresentedmewiththetwomostextremecases.AnessayonBeyondGoodandEvil,byDr.V.WidmanninthepapercalledtheBund,undertheheading"Nietzsche'sDangerousBook,"andageneralaccountofallmyworks,fromthepenofHerrKarlSpitteler,alsointheBund,constituteamaximuminmylife—Ishallnotsayofwhat....ThelattertreatedmyZarathustra,forinstanceas"advancedexercisesinstyle,"andexpressedthewishthatlateronImighttryandattendtothequestionofsubstanceaswell;Dr.WidmannassuredmeofhisrespectforthecourageIshowedinendeavouringtoabolishalldecentfeeling.Thankstoalittletrickofdestiny,everysentenceinthesecriticismsseemed,withaconsistencythatIcouldbutadmire,tobeaninvertedtruth.Infactitwasmostremarkablethatallonehadtodowasto"transvalueallvalues,"inordertohitthenailontheheadwithregardtome,insteadofstrikingmyheadwiththenail....Iammoreparticularlyanxiousthereforetodiscoveranexplanation.Afterall,noonecandrawmoreoutofthings,booksincluded,thanhealreadyknows.Amanhasnoearsforthattowhichexperiencehasgivenhimnoaccess.Totakeanextremecase,supposeabookcontainssimplyincidentswhichliequiteoutsidetherangeofgeneralorevenrareexperience—supposeittobethefirstlanguagetoexpressawholeseriesofexperiences.Inthiscasenothingitcontainswillreallybeheardatall,and,thankstoanacousticdelusion,peoplewillbelievethatwherenothingisheardthereisnothingtohear....This,atleast,hasbeenmyusualexperience,andproves,ifyouwill,theoriginalityofmyexperience.Hewhothoughthehadunderstoodsomethinginmywork,hadasaruleadjustedsomethinginittohisownimage—notinfrequentlytheveryoppositeofmyself,an"idealist,"forinstance.Hewhounderstoodnothinginmywork,woulddenythatIwasworthconsideringatall.—Theword"Superman,"whichdesignatesatypeofmanthatwouldbeoneofnature'srarestandluckieststrokes,asopposedto"modern"men,to"good"men,toChristiansandotherNihilists,—awordwhichinthemouthofZarathustra,theannihilatorofmorality,acquiresaveryprofoundmeaning,—isunderstoodalmosteverywhere,andwithperfectinnocence,inthelightofthosevaluestowhichaflatcontradictionwasmademanifestinthefigureofZarathustra—thatistosay,asan"ideal"type,ahigherkindofman,half"saint"andhalf"genius."...OtherlearnedcattlehavesuspectedmeofDarwinismonaccountofthisword:eventhe"herocult"ofthatgreatunconsciousandinvoluntaryswindler,Carlyle,—acultwhichIrepudiatedwithsuchroguishmalice,—wasrecognisedinmydoctrine.Once,whenIwhisperedtoamanthathewoulddobetterItoseekfortheSupermaninaCæsarBorgiathaninaParsifal,hecouldnotbelievehisears.ThefactthatIamquitefreefromcuriosityinregardtocriticismsofmybooks,moreparticularlywhentheyappearinnewspapers,willhavetobeforgivenme.Myfriendsandmypublishersknowthis,andneverspeaktomeofsuchthings.Inoneparticularcase,Ioncesawallthesinsthathadbeencommittedagainstasinglebook—itwasBeyondGoodandEvil;Icouldtellyouanicestoryaboutit.IsitpossiblethattheNational-Zeitung—aPrussianpaper(thiscommentisforthesakeofmyforeignreaders—formyownpart,Ibegtostate,IreadonlyLeJournaldesDébats)—reallyandseriouslyregardedthebookasa"signofthetimes,"oragenuineandtypicalexampleofToryphilosophy,[1]forwhichtheKreuz-Zeitunghadnotsufficientcourage?...我是这样一种人,而我的作品是另一种。在此,在我谈及书籍本身之前,我想先谈谈这些作品所遇到的理解与误解的问题。我会以尽可能简洁的方式处理这个问题,因为现在还不是讨论这个问题的时候。我的时间也尚未到来;有些人死后才被理解。也许有一天会建立一些机构,在那里人们将按照我所理解的方式生活和教学;也许到那时,还会设立并资助解读查拉图斯特拉的教席。但我认为,如果我希望今天有人能听懂我的真理,那将是对我自己的完全否定:没有人倾听我,没有人知道如何正确接受我的思想,这不仅是可以理解的,而且在我看来也是理所当然的事情。我不想被误认为是别人——要做到这一点,我必须不误认自己。重复我已说过的话,我可以指出在我的生活中很少有恶意的例子;至于文学上的恶意,我几乎找不到一个例子。另一方面,我遇到了太多纯粹的愚蠢!……在我看来,拿起我的一本书是人类能给予自己的最罕见的荣誉之一——即使他事先脱掉鞋子,更不用说靴子了……有一次,海因里希·冯·施泰因博士诚实地抱怨说他无法理解我的《查拉图斯特拉如是说》中的任何一个字时,我对他说,这正是它应有的样子:在这本书中理解六句话——也就是说,去践行它们——就能使人达到比“现代”人更高的层次。带着这种距离感,我怎么可能希望被我所了解的“现代人”阅读呢?我的成功恰恰与叔本华的成功相反——我说“我不被读,我不值得被读”。并不是说我应该低估我的作品经常被无辜反驳所带来的乐趣。就在去年夏天,当时我正在尝试,或许通过我沉重得过头的文学作品,来颠覆其他文学作品的平衡,柏林大学的一位教授好心地告诉我,我应该真的换一种形式写作:没有人能够阅读我写的东西。最后,并不是德国,而是瑞士给我带来了两个最极端的例子。在报纸《邦德》上,V.威德曼博士撰写了一篇关于《超越善恶》的文章,标题为“尼采的危险之书”,以及卡尔·斯皮特勒先生撰写的一篇关于我所有作品的概述,这两篇文章构成了我生命中的一个最大值——我不会说是什么……后者将我的《查拉图斯特拉如是说》视为“风格的高级练习”,并希望我能以后再关注实质问题;威德曼博士则肯定了我的勇气,说我试图废除一切体面的情感。多亏命运的一个小把戏,这些批评中的每一句话似乎都以一种我不得不钦佩的一致性表现出颠倒的真相。事实上,最令人惊讶的是,只要“颠倒一切价值”,就可以准确地针对我而不是打击我的头颅……因此,我特别想找到一个解释。毕竟,没有人能从事物,包括书籍中,获得比他已知更多的东西。一个人没有耳朵去听那些经验未曾让他接触过的东西。举个极端的例子,假设一本书包含了完全超出普通甚至罕见经验范围的事件——假设它是表达一系列经验的第一种语言。在这种情况下,这本书中的任何内容都不会真正被人听到,由于一种声学幻觉,人们会相信既然听不到就不存在可听的内容……至少这是我通常的经验,这证明了我的经验的独特性。他认为他在我的作品中理解了一些东西的人,通常只是调整了某些东西以符合自己的形象——并非不常见的是与我截然相反的形象,比如“理想主义者”。他在我作品中什么都没有理解的人,会否认我值得考虑。这个词语“超人”,指的是自然中最稀有和幸运的一种类型的人,与“现代人”、“善良的人”、基督徒和其他虚无主义者相对立——这个词在查拉图斯特拉口中,作为道德的摧毁者,具有非常深刻的意义——几乎在所有地方都被理解,并且毫无保留地根据查拉图斯特拉形象所揭示的那些价值来理解,也就是说,作为一个“理想”类型,一种更高层次的人,半“圣徒”半“天才”……出于这个词的原因,其他一些学者怀疑我是达尔文主义者:甚至那个伟大的无意识和无意的骗子卡莱尔的“英雄崇拜”——我用如此狡猾的恶意拒绝了他的崇拜——也被认为存在于我的学说中。有一次,当我轻声告诉一个人他最好在凯撒·波吉亚而不是帕西法尔中寻找超人时,他简直不敢相信自己的耳朵。我完全不关心对我的书的批评,尤其是出现在报纸上的批评,这一点必须得到原谅。我的朋友和出版商知道这一点,所以他们从不跟我谈论这些事情。在某个特定的情况下,我曾经看到一本单独的书遭受的所有罪行——那是《超越善恶》;我可以告诉你一个有趣的故事。《民族报》——一家普鲁士报纸(这是为了我的外国读者,我自己声明,我只读《辩论日报》)真的认真看待这本书,把它当作“时代的标志”,或者是一本真正的、典型的托利党哲学吗?……22ThiswassaidforthebenefitofGermans:foreverywhereelseIhavemyreaders—allofthemexceptionallyintelligentmen,charactersthathavewontheirspursandthathavebeenrearedinhighofficesandsuperiorduties;Ihaveevenrealgeniusesamongmyreaders.InVienna,inStPetersburg,inStockholm,inCopenhagen,inParis,andNewYork—Ihavebeendiscoveredeverywhere:IhavenotyetbeendiscoveredinEurope'sflatland—Germany....And,tomakeaconfession,Irejoicemuchmoreheartilyoverthosewhodonotreadme,overthosewhohaveneitherheardofmynamenorofthewordphilosophy.ButwhithersoeverIgo,hereinTurin,forinstance,everyfacebrightensandsoftensatthesightofme.Athingthathasflatteredmemorethananythingelsehitherto,isthefactthatoldmarket-womencannotrestuntiltheyhavepickedoutthesweetestoftheirgrapesforme.Tothisextentmustamanbeaphilosopher....ItisnotinvainthatthePolesareconsideredastheFrenchamongtheSlavs.AcharmingRussianladywillnotbemistakenforasinglemomentconcerningmyorigin.Iamnotsuccessfulatbeingpompous,themostIcandoistoappearembarrassed....IcanthinkinGerman,IcanfeelinGerman—Icandomostthings;butthisisbeyondmypowers....MyoldmasterRitschlwentsofarastodeclarethatIplannedevenmyphilologicaltreatisesafterthemannerofaParisiannovelist—thatImadethemabsurdlythrilling.InParisitselfpeoplearesurprisedat"toutesmesaudacesetfinesses";—thewordsareMonsieurTaine's;—Ifearthateveninthehighestformsofthedithyramb,thatsaltwillbefoundpervadingmyworkwhichneverbecomesinsipid,whichneverbecomes"German"—andthatis,wit....Icandonoughtelse.Godhelpme!Amen.—Weallknow,someofusevenfromexperience,whata"long-ears"is.Wellthen,IventuretoassertthatIhavethesmallestearsthathaveeverbeenseen.Thisfactisnotwithoutinteresttowomen—itseemstometheyfeelthatIunderstandthembetter!...Iamessentiallytheanti-ass,andonthisaccountaloneamonsterintheworld'shistory—inGreek,andnotonlyinGreek,IamtheAntichrist.这是说给德国人听的:因为在其他地方,我有我的读者——他们都是异常聪明的人,经历过考验的性格,成长于高官厚禄和重要的职责之中;甚至我的读者中还有真正的天才。我在维也纳、圣彼得堡、斯德哥尔摩、哥本哈根、巴黎和纽约都被发现了:我还没有被发现的地方是欧洲的平原——德国……并且,坦白地说,我更高兴那些不读我的人,那些既不知道我的名字也不知道哲学这个词的人。但无论我去哪里,比如在这里的都灵,每一张脸都会因看到我而变得明亮柔和。到目前为止,让我感到比什么都更受恭维的事情是,老市场妇女无法休息,直到她们为我挑选出最甜美的葡萄。一个人必须达到这个程度才能称得上是哲学家……波兰人在斯拉夫人中被认为是法国人的事实并非毫无意义。一个迷人的俄罗斯女士不会在片刻之间误解我的出身。我在装腔作势方面并不成功,最多只能表现出尴尬的样子……我能用德语思考,能用德语感受——我能做很多事情;但这超出了我的能力范围……我的老导师里特施尔甚至宣称,我撰写语言学论文的方式就像巴黎小说家一样——使它们荒诞地扣人心弦。在巴黎本身,人们惊讶于“我所有的大胆和精妙”;——这些话是泰纳先生说的;——我担心即使在我的狂想曲的最高形式中,也会发现那种始终不失去风味的盐分,那种永远不会变得“德国化”的东西——那就是机智……我别无他法。上帝帮助我吧!阿门。——我们都知道,有些人甚至从经验中知道什么是“长耳朵”。好吧,我斗胆断言,我有世上见过的最小的耳朵。这个事实对女性来说并非没有兴趣——在我看来,她们似乎觉得我更理解她们!……我本质上是反驴子的,仅仅因为这一点,我就成为世界历史上的怪物——在希腊语中,而且不仅是在希腊语中,我是反基督者。33Iamtoagreatextentawareofmyprivilegesasawriter:inoneortwocasesithasevenbeenbroughthometomehowverymuchthehabitual>readingofmyworks"spoils"aman'staste.Otherbookssimplycannotbeenduredaftermine,andleastofallphilosophicalones.Itisanincomparabledistinctiontocrossthethresholdofthisnobleandsubtleworld—inordertodosoonemustcertainlynotbeaGerman;itis,inshort,adistinctionwhichonemusthavedeserved.He,however,whoisrelatedtomethroughloftinessofwill,experiencesgenuinerapturesofunderstandinginmybooks:forIswoopdownfromheightsintowhichnobirdhaseversoared;Iknowabyssesintowhichnofoothaseverslipped.Peoplehavetoldmethatitisimpossibletolaydownabookofmine—thatIdisturbeventhenight'srest....Thereisnoprouderoratthesametimemoresubtlekindofbooks:theysometimesattaintothehighestpinnacleofearthlyendeavour,cynicism;tocapturetheirthoughtsamanmusthavethetenderestfingersaswellasthemostintrepidfists.Anykindofspiritualdecrepitudeutterlyexcludesallintercoursewiththem—evenanykindofdyspepsia:amanmusthavenonerves,buthemusthaveacheerfulbelly.Notonlythepovertyofaman'ssoulanditsstuffyairexcludesallintercoursewiththem,butalso,andtoamuchgreaterdegree,cowardice,uncleanliness,andsecretintestinalrevengefulness;awordfrommylipssufficestomakethecolourofallevilinstinctsrushintoaface.AmongmyacquaintancesIhaveanumberofexperimentalsubjects,inwhomIseedepictedallthedifferent,andinstructivelydifferent,reactionswhichfollowuponaperusalofmyworks.Thosewhowillhavenothingtodowiththecontentsofmybooks,asforinstancemyso-calledfriends,assumean"impersonal"toneconcerningthem:theywishmeluck,andcongratulatemeforhavingproducedanotherwork;theyalsodeclarethatmywritingsshowprogress,becausetheyexhaleamorecheerfulspirit....Thethoroughlyviciouspeople,the"beautifulsouls,"thefalsefromtoptotoe,donotknowintheleastwhattodowithmybooks—consequently,withthebeautifulconsistencyofallbeautifulsouls,theyregardmyworkasbeneaththem.Thecattleamongmyacquaintances,themereGermans,leavemetounderstand,ifyouplease,thattheyarenotalwaysofmyopinion,thoughhereandtheretheyagreewithme....IhaveheardthissaidevenaboutZarathustra."Feminism,"whetherinmankindorinman,islikewiseabarriertomywritings;withit,noonecouldeverenterintothislabyrinthoffearlessknowledge.Tothisend,amanmustneverhavesparedhimself,hemusthavebeenhardinhishabits,inordertobegood-humouredandmerryamongahostofinexorabletruths.WhenItrytopicturethecharacterofaperfectreader,Ialwaysimagineamonsterofcourageandcuriosity,aswellasofsuppleness,cunning,andprudence—inshort,abornadventurerandexplorer.Afterall,IcouldnotdescribebetterthanZarathustrahasdoneuntowhomIreallyaddressmyself:untowhomalonewouldherevealhisriddle?我在很大程度上意识到作为作家的特权:在某些情况下,甚至有人向我指出,习惯性地阅读我的作品是如何“毁掉”一个人的品味的。我的作品之后,其他书籍简直无法忍受,尤其是哲学类书籍。踏入这个崇高而微妙的世界是一种无与伦比的荣耀——为了进入这个世界,一个人肯定不能是德国人;简而言之,这是一种需要通过努力才能获得的荣耀。然而,那些意志与我同样崇高的读者,在我的书中体验到了真正的理解狂喜:因为我从无人曾飞越的高度俯冲下来;我知道无人曾涉足的深渊。人们告诉我,我的书难以放下——我甚至扰乱了夜晚的安宁……没有任何书籍能比我的更骄傲,也更微妙:它们有时达到人类努力的最高顶峰,即犬儒主义;要捕捉它们的思想,一个人必须既有最温柔的手指,又有最勇敢的拳头。任何形式的精神衰弱完全排除了与它们的任何交流——甚至是任何消化不良:一个人必须没有神经,但必须拥有愉快的肚子。不仅一个人的灵魂的贫困和沉闷的空气排除了与它们的任何交流,而且,更重要的是,怯懦、不洁和隐秘的肠内报复心理;我的一句话就足以让所有邪恶本能的颜色涌上面孔。在我的熟人中,我有许多实验对象,我看到他们描绘了所有不同的,且富有启发性的反应,这些反应都源于阅读我的作品。那些对我的书的内容毫不关心的人,比如所谓的“朋友”,对他们采取一种“非个人”的态度:他们祝我好运,并祝贺我又完成了一部作品;他们还声称我的著作显示出进步,因为它们散发出更愉快的精神……彻底堕落的人,“美丽灵魂”,彻头彻尾的伪善者,根本不知道如何处理我的书——因此,像所有美丽的灵魂一样,他们认为我的作品低于他们的水平。我熟人中的牲畜,那些普通的德国人,让我明白,如果你愿意的话,他们并不总是同意我的观点,尽管在这里那里他们会赞同我……就连关于查拉图斯特拉我也听到过这种说法。“女性主义”,无论是存在于人类还是个体之中,都是我的著作的一个障碍;有了它,任何人都无法进入这个无所畏惧的知识迷宫。要做到这一点,一个人必须从未怜惜自己,他必须在生活中严格要求自己,以便在众多无情的真理面前依然保持幽默和快乐。当我试图描绘一个完美读者的性格时,我总是想象一个勇气和好奇心的怪物,同时也是灵活、狡猾和谨慎的——简而言之,天生的冒险家和探索者。毕竟,没有人能比我更好的描述出我真正面对的人是谁:谁会是他揭示谜团的对象呢?"Untoyou,daringexplorersandexperimenters,anduntoallwhohaveeverembarkedbeneathcunningsailsuponterribleseas;“献给你们,无畏的探索者和实验者,以及所有曾经扬起狡黠的风帆,在可怕的海洋上航行的人;"Untoyouwhorevelinriddlesandintwilight,whosesoulsareluredbyflutesuntoeverytreacherousabyss:“给你们——沉溺于谜团和朦胧之中的人,你们的灵魂被笛声引向每一个险恶深渊:"Foryecarenottogropeyourwayalongathreadwithcravenfingers;andwhereyeareabletoguess,yehatetoargue?"“因为你们不屑于用颤抖的手指沿着丝线摸索前行;并且,当你们能够猜测时,却厌恶去论证?”44Iwillnowpassjustoneortwogeneralremarksaboutmyartofstyle.Tocommunicateastateaninnertensionofpathosbymeansofsigns,includingthetempoofthesesigns,—thatisthemeaningofeverystyle;andinviewofthefactthatthemultiplicityofinnerstatesinmeisenormous,Iamcapableofmanykindsofstyle—inshort,themostmultifariousartofstylethatanymanhaseverhadathisdisposal.Anystyleisgoodwhichgenuinelycommunicatesaninnercondition,whichdoesnotblunderoverthesigns,overthetempoofthesigns,orovermoods—allthelawsofphrasingaretheoutcomeofrepresentingmoodsartistically.Goodstyle,initself,isapieceofsheerfoolery,mereidealism,like"beautyinitself,"forinstance,or"goodnessinitself,"or"thething-in-itself."Allthistakesforgranted,ofcourse,thatthereexistearsthatcanhear,andsuchmenasarecapableandworthyofalikepathos,thatthosearenotwantinguntowhomonemaycommunicateone'sself.MeanwhilemyZarathustra,forinstance,isstillinquestofsuchpeople—alas!hewillhavetoseekalongwhileyet!Amanmustbeworthyoflisteningtohim....And,untilthattime,therewillbenoonewhowillunderstandtheartthathasbeensquanderedinthisbook.Noonehaseverexistedwhohashadmorenovel,morestrange,andpurposelycreatedartformstoflingtothewinds.ThefactthatsuchthingswerepossibleintheGermanlanguagestillawaitedproof;formerly,Imyselfwouldhavedeniedmostemphaticallythatitwaspossible.BeforemytimepeopledidnotknowwhatcouldbedonewiththeGermanlanguage—whatcouldbedonewithlanguageingeneral.Theartofgrandrhythm,ofgrandstyleinperiods,forexpressingthetremendousfluctuationsofsublimeandsuperhumanpassion,wasfirstdiscoveredbyme:withthedithyrambentitled"TheSevenSeals,"whichconstitutesthelastdiscourseofthethirdpartofZarathustra,Isoaredmilesaboveallthatwhichheretoforehasbeencalledpoetry.我现在将简单谈谈我的风格艺术。通过符号来传达一种内在的激情张力,并且包括这些符号的节奏——这就是每种风格的意义所在;鉴于我内心状态的多样性极其丰富,我能驾驭多种风格——简而言之,这是我所能支配的最多样化的风格艺术。任何能够真诚传达内心状态的风格都是好的,只要它不过于草率地对待符号、符号的节奏或者情绪——所有措辞的法则都是为了艺术化地表现情绪的结果。单纯的好风格只是一种纯粹的愚蠢行为,不过是理想主义罢了,就像“美本身”、“善本身”或者“物自身”一样。当然,这一切都假定存在能够倾听的人,以及像这样值得共鸣的人,那些愿意接受自我表达的人并不存在。与此同时,我的查拉图斯特拉仍在寻找这样的人——唉!他还要继续寻找很长一段时间!一个人必须值得被倾听……直到那时,没有人会理解在这本书中浪费的艺术。从来没有一个时代的人拥有如此新颖、奇怪并且刻意创造的艺术形式可供挥霍。在德语中实现这样的可能性还等待着证明;从前,我本人会非常坚决地否认这是可能的。在我之前的人们不知道德语能做什么——语言本身又能做什么。宏伟节奏的艺术、表达崇高和超凡激情波动的大段风格,是我首先发现的:在《查拉图斯特拉如是说》第三部分的最后一讲《第七封印》的赞美诗中,我已飞升数英里远,超越了迄今为止被称为诗歌的一切。55Thefactthatthevoicewhichspeaksinmyworksisthatofapsychologistwhohasnothispeer,isperhapsthefirstconclusionatwhichagoodreaderwillarrive—areadersuchasIdeserve,andonewhoreadsmejustasthegoodoldphilologistsusedtoreadtheirHorace.Thosepropositionsaboutwhichalltheworldisfundamentallyagreed—nottospeakoffashionablephilosophy,ofmoralistsandotherempty-headedandcabbage-brainedpeople—aretomebutingenuousblunders:forinstance,thebeliefthat"altruistic"and"egoistic";areopposites,whileallthetimethe"ego"itselfismerelya"supremeswindle,"an"ideal."...Therearenosuchthingsasegoisticoraltruisticactions:bothconceptsarepsychologicalnonsense.Orthepropositionthat"manpursueshappiness";orthepropositionthat"happinessistherewardofvirtue."...Orthepropositionthat"pleasureandpainareopposites."...Morality,theCirceofmankind,hasfalsifiedeverythingpsychological,rootandbranch—ithasdemoralisedeverything,eventotheterriblynonsensicalpointofcallinglove"unselfish."Amanmustfirstbefirmlypoised,hemuststandsecurelyonhistwolegs,otherwisehecannotloveatall.Thisindeedthegirlsknowonlytoowell:theydon'tcaretwopinsaboutunselfishandmerelyobjectivemen....MayIventuretosuggest,incidentally,thatIknowwomen?ThisknowledgeispartofmyDionysianpatrimony.Whoknows?maybeIamthefirstpsychologistoftheeternallyfeminine.Womenalllikeme....Butthat'sanoldstory:save,ofcourse,theabortionsamongthem,theemancipatedones,thosewholackthewhere-withaltohavechildren.ThankgoodnessIamnotwillingtoletmyselfbetorntopieces!theperfectwomantearsyoutopieceswhenshelovesyou:IknowtheseamiableMænads....Oh!whatadangerous,creeping,subterraneanlittlebeastofpreysheis!Andsoagreeablewithal!...Alittlewoman,pursuinghervengeance,wouldforceopeneventheirongatesofFateitself.Womanisincalculablymorewickedthanman,sheisalsocleverer.Goodnessinawomanisalreadyasignofdegeneration.Allcasesof"beautifulsouls"inwomenmaybetracedtoafaultyphysiologicalcondition—butIgonofurther,lestIshouldbecomemedicynical.Thestruggleforequalrightsisevenasymptomofdisease;everydoctorknowsthis.Themorewomanlyawomanis,themoreshefightstoothandnailagainstrightsingeneral:thenaturalorderofthings,theeternalwarbetweenthesexes,assignstoherbyfartheforemostrank.Havepeoplehadearstohearmydefinitionoflove?Itistheonlydefinitionworthyofaphilosopher.Love,initsmeans,iswar;initsfoundation,itisthemortalhatredofthesexes.Haveyouheardmyreplytothequestionhowawomancanbecured,"saved"infact?—Giveherachild!Awomanneedschildren,manisalwaysonlyameans,thusspakeZarathustra."Theemancipationofwomen,"—thisistheinstinctivehatredofphysiologicallybotched—thatistosay,barren—womenforthoseoftheirsisterswhoarewellconstituted:thefightagainst"man"isalwaysonlyameans,apretext,apieceofstrategy.Bytryingtoriseto"Womanperse,"to"HigherWoman,"tothe"IdealWoman,"alltheywishtodoistolowerthegenerallevelofwomen'srank:andtherearenomorecertainmeanstothisendthanuniversityeducation,trousers,andtherightsofvotingcattle.Truthtotell,theemancipatedaretheanarchistsinthe"eternallyfeminine"world,thephysiologicalmishaps,themostdeep-rootedinstinctofwhomisrevenge.Awholespeciesofthemostmalicious"idealism"—which,bythebye,alsomanifestsitselfinmen,inHenrikIbsenforinstance,thattypicaloldmaid—whoseobjectistopoisonthecleanconscience,thenaturalspirit,ofsexuallove....Andinordertoleavenodoubtinyourmindsinregardtomyopinion,which,onthismatter,isashonestasitissevere,Iwillrevealtoyouonemoreclauseoutofmymoralcodeagainstvice—withtheword"vice"Icombateverykindof!oppositiontoNature,or,ifyoupreferfinewords,idealism.Theclausereads:"Preachingofchastityisapublicincitementtounnaturalpractices.Alldepreciationofthesexuallife,allthesullyingofitbymeansoftheconcept'impure,'istheessentialcrimeagainstLife—istheessentialcrimeagainsttheHolySpiritofLife."在我作品中所体现的声音是一个心理学家的声音,而这个心理学家是无与伦比的,这或许是一个优秀的读者首先得出的结论——一个像我这样值得拥有的读者,并且以那些老派的语言学家阅读贺拉斯的方式阅读我的作品。那些被所有人基本认同的命题——不说流行哲学、道德家以及其他头脑空洞的人——对我来说只是天真的错误:例如,相信“利他主义”和“利己主义”是对立的,而实际上“自我”本身仅仅是一个“至高无上的骗局”,一个“理想”。……没有纯粹的利己主义或利他主义的行为:这两个概念都是心理上的胡说八道。或者那个命题“人追求幸福”;或者“幸福是美德的奖赏”。……或者“快乐和痛苦是相反的”。……道德,人类的塞壬,已经彻底歪曲了一切心理学的东西,从根到梢——它已经使一切堕落,甚至到了荒谬地称爱为“无私”的程度。一个人必须站稳脚跟,必须稳稳地站在两条腿上,否则他根本无法去爱。这确实是女孩们所知道的:她们并不在乎那些无私的和只注重客观的男人……我可以冒昧地暗示一下吗?我对女人有所了解?这种知识是我的狄俄尼索斯遗产的一部分。谁知道呢?也许我是第一个女性永恒的心理学家。女人都喜欢我……但这只是一个古老的故事:当然,除了她们之中那些堕落的、解放了的、缺乏生育能力的废物。谢天谢地,我不愿意被撕成碎片!完美的女人在爱你的时候会把你撕碎:我知道这些可爱的酒神女祭司……哦!她是一个多么危险、多么隐秘、多么地下化的小掠食者啊!而且她还如此讨人喜欢!……一个小女人,追求她的复仇,甚至会迫使命运之铁门打开。女人比男人更加邪恶,也更加聪明。女人的善良已经是退化的标志。女人中所有“美好灵魂”的案例都可以追溯到生理状况的缺陷——但我不会再进一步说了,以免变得庸医化。争取平等权利的努力甚至是一种疾病的症状;每个医生都知道这一点。一个越有女人味的女人,就越会拼命反对所有的权利:自然秩序、性别之间的永恒战争,赋予她远远更高的地位。人们是否听到了我对爱情的定义?这是唯一配得上哲学家的定义。爱情,在其手段上,是战争;在其基础上,是两性之间的致命仇恨。你是否听到了我对如何治愈、实际上是拯救一个女人的回答?——给她一个孩子!女人需要孩子,男人始终只是个手段,这就是查拉图斯特拉所说的。“女性的解放”,——这是生理性畸形(即不育)的女性对那些身体健康的姐妹们的本能仇恨:对抗“男人”的斗争始终只是一个手段,一个借口,一种策略。通过试图上升到“女性本身”、“更高贵的女性”、“理想的女性”,她们所做的只是降低女性整体的地位:大学教育、裤子和投票权是实现这一目标的最可靠手段。说实话,那些解放了的女性是“永恒的女性”世界的无政府主义者,是生理上的不幸者,她们最深层的本能就是复仇。一种整个物种中最恶毒的“理想主义”——顺便说一句,这也表现在男性身上,比如亨里克·易卜生,那个典型的单身汉——他们的目的是毒害纯洁的良心,自然的精神,即性爱的自然精神……为了让你对我在这方面的意见毫无怀疑,我的意见既诚实又严厉,我会向你们透露我在道德准则中反对恶习的一个条款——用“恶习”这个词来对抗自然的一切形式的反对,或者,如果你喜欢更优雅的说法,理想主义。该条款写道:“提倡贞洁是对自然行为的公开煽动。贬低性生活,用‘污秽’的概念玷污它,是反对生命的本质罪行——是反对生命神圣精神的本质罪行。”Inordertogiveyousomeideaofmyselfasapsychologist,letmetakethiscuriouspieceofpsychologicalanalysisoutofthebookBeyondGoodandEvil,inwhichitappears.Iforbid,bythebye,anyguessingastowhomIamdescribinginthispassage."Thegeniusoftheheart,asthatgreatanchoritepossessesit,thedivinetempterandbornPiedPiperofconsciences,whosevoiceknowshowtosinkintotheinmostdepthsofeverysoul,whoneitheruttersawordnorcastsaglance,inwhichsomeseductivemotiveortrickdoesnotlie:apartofwhosemasterlinessisthatheunderstandstheartofseeming—notwhatheis,butthatwhichwillplaceafreshconstraintuponhisfollowerstopressevermorecloselyuponhim,tofollowhimevermoreenthusiasticallyandwhole-heartedly....Thegeniusoftheheart,whichmakesallloudandself-conceitedthingsholdtheirtonguesandlendtheirears,whichpolishesallroughsoulsandmakesthemtasteanewlonging—tolieplacidasamirror,thatthedeepheavensmaybereflectedinthem....Thegeniusoftheheartwhichteachestheclumsyandtoohastyhandtohesitateandgraspmoretenderly;whichscentsthehiddenandforgottentreasure,thepearlofgoodnessandsweetspirituality,beneaththickblackice,andisadiviningrodforeverygrainofgold,longburiedandimprisonedinheapsofmudandsand....Thegeniusoftheheart,fromcontactwithwhicheverymangoesawayricher,not'blessed'andovercome,notasthoughfavouredandcrushedbythegoodthingsofothers;butricherinhimself,freshertohimselfthanbefore,openedup,breatheduponandsoundedbyathawingwind;moreuncertain,perhaps,moredelicate,morefragile,morebruised;butfullofhopeswhichasyetlacknames,fullofanewwillandstriving,fullofanewunwillingnessandcounter-striving."...为了让你对我作为一个心理学家有些了解,让我从《善恶的彼岸》这本书中摘录一段有趣的心理分析。顺便说一句,我禁止任何人猜测我在这一段中描述的是谁。“心灵的天才,就像那位伟大的隐士所拥有的那样,是神圣的诱惑者,也是天生的良知引路人,他的声音知道如何深入到每个灵魂的最深处,他所说的每一句话,投出的每一个眼神,都隐藏着某种诱人的动机或技巧:其大师级的部分在于他懂得如何伪装——不是伪装成他自己,而是伪装成那些能让追随者对他施加更多约束,更热情、更全心全意地跟随他的样子……心灵的天才,它让所有大声喧哗和自大狂妄的东西闭嘴并倾听,它打磨所有粗糙的灵魂,让他们品尝一种新的渴望——像一面平静的镜子一样,让深邃的天空倒映在他们身上……心灵的天才教会笨拙和太急躁的手犹豫不决,更加温柔地抓住;它嗅出隐藏和被遗忘的珍宝,在厚厚的黑冰下找到善良和甜美精神的珍珠,并且是一根探测每粒埋藏在泥沙堆中的黄金的魔杖……心灵的天才,每个人都接触它之后变得更富有,不是‘被赐福’和被征服,也不是作为别人美好事物的宠儿和被压垮的对象;而是更富于自身,比以前更新鲜,被解冻的风打开、吹拂和触动;也许更不确定,更细腻,更脆弱,更受伤;但充满尚无名字的希望,充满新的意志和努力,充满新的不愿意和反向努力。”……[1]Junker-Philosophie.ThelandedproprietorsconstitutethedominatingclassinPrussia,anditisfromthisclassthatallofficersandhigherofficialsaredrawn.TheKreuz-ZeitungistheorganoftheJunkerparty.—TR.[1]容克哲学。在普鲁士,地主阶级是统治阶级,所有的军官和高级官员都来自这个阶级。《十字报》是容克党派的机关报。—译者注

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