瞧!这个人

为何我如此明智

1Thehappinessofmyexistence,itsuniquecharacterperhaps,consistsinitsfatefulness:tospeakinariddle,asmyownfatherIamalreadydead,asmyownmotherIstillliveandgrowold.Thisdoubleorigin,takenasitwerefromthehighestandlowestrungsoftheladderoflife,atonceadecadentandabeginning,this,ifanything,explainsthatneutrality,thatfreedomfrompartisanshipinregardtothegeneralproblemofexistence,whichperhapsdistinguishesme.Tothefirstindicationsofascendingorofdescendinglifemynostrilsaremoresensitivethanthoseofanymanthathasyetlived.InthisdomainIamamastertomybackbone—Iknowbothsides,forIambothsides.Myfatherdiedinhissix-and-thirtiethyear:hewasdelicate,lovable,andmorbid,likeonewhoispreordainedtopaysimplyaflyingvisit—agraciousreminderofliferatherthanlifeitself.Inthesameyearthathislifedeclinedminealsodeclined:inmysix-and-thirtiethyearIreachedthelowestpointinmyvitality,—Istilllived,butmyeyescoulddistinguishnothingthatlaythreepacesawayfromme.Atthattime—itwastheyear1879—IresignedmyprofessorshipatBâle,livedthroughthesummerlikeashadowinSt.Moritz,andspentthefollowingwinter,themostsunlessofmylife,likeashadowinNaumburg.Thiswasmylowestebb.DuringthisperiodIwroteTheWandererandHisShadow.WithoutadoubtIwasconversantwithshadowsthen.Thewinterthatfollowed,myfirstwinterinGenoa,broughtforththatsweetnessandspiritualitywhichisalmostinseparablefromextremepovertyofbloodandmuscle,intheshapeofTheDawnofDay,Theperfectlucidityandcheerfulness,theintellectualexuberanceeven,thatthisworkreflects,coincides,inmycase,notonlywiththemostprofoundphysiologicalweakness,butalsowithanexcessofsuffering.Inthemidstoftheagonyofaheadachewhichlastedthreedays,accompaniedbyviolentnausea,Iwaspossessedofmostsingulardialecticalclearness,andinabsolutelycoldbloodIthenthoughtoutthings,forwhich,inmymorehealthymoments,Iamnotenoughofaclimber,notsufficientlysubtle,notsufficientlycold.MyreadersperhapsknowtowhatextentIconsiderdialecticasymptomofdecadence,as,forinstance,inthemostfamousofallcases—thecaseofSocrates.Allthemorbiddisturbancesoftheintellect,eventhatsemi-stuporwhichaccompaniesfever,have,untothisday,remainedcompletelyunknowntome;andformyfirstinformationconcerningtheirnatureandfrequency,Iwasobligedtohaverecoursetothelearnedworkswhichhavebeencompiledonthesubject.Mycirculationisslow.Noonehaseverbeenabletodetectfeverinme.Adoctorwhotreatedmeforsometimeasanervepatientfinallydeclared:"No!thereisnothingwrongwithyournerves,itissimplyIwhoamnervous."Ithasbeenabsolutelyimpossibletoascertainanylocaldegenerationinme,noranyorganicstomachtrouble,howevermuchImayhavesufferedfromprofoundweaknessofthegastricsystemastheresultofgeneralexhaustion.Evenmyeyetrouble,whichsometimesapproachedsoparlouslyneartoblindness,wasonlyaneffectandnotacause;for,whenevermygeneralvitalconditionimproved,mypowerofvisionalsoincreased.Havingadmittedallthis,doIneedtosaythatIamexperiencedinquestionsofdecadence?Iknowtheminsideandout.Eventhatfiligreeartofprehensionandcomprehensioningeneral,thatfeelingfordelicateshadesofdifference,thatpsychologyof"seeingthroughbrickwalls,"andwhateverelseImaybeabletodo,wasfirstlearntthen,andisthespecificgiftofthatperiodduringwhicheverythinginmewassubtilised,—observationitself,togetherwithalltheorgansofobservation.Tolookuponhealthierconceptsandvaluesfromthestandpointofthesick,andconverselytolookdownuponthesecretworkoftheinstinctsofdecadencefromthestandpointofhimwhoisladenandself-reliantwiththerichnessoflife—thishasbeenmylongestexercise,myprincipalexperience.Ifinanythingatall,itwasinthisthatIbecameamaster.To-daymyhandknowsthetrick,Inowhavetheknackofreversingperspectives:thefirstreasonperhapswhyaTransvaluationofallValueshasbeenpossibletomealone.我的存在之幸福,也许其独特之处在于它的宿命性:以谜语的形式来说,我是我自己的父亲却已死去,我是我自己的母亲却仍在生活并逐渐老去。这种双重起源,从生命的最高层到最低层,既是衰落又是开端,这或许解释了我那种中立性,那种对一般存在问题的无党派态度,这或许使我与众不同。我对生命上升或下降的第一个征兆比任何已活过的人都更敏感。在这个领域,我是真正的专家——我知道两面,因为我就是这两面。我的父亲在他三十六岁时去世:他体弱多病,可爱且病态,就像注定只是短暂访问的人——一个生活的优雅提醒者,而非生活本身。在我三十六岁那年,我的生命力也达到了最低点——我还活着,但我的眼睛无法分辨三步之外的东西。那时是1879年,我辞去了巴塞尔大学的教授职位,在圣莫里茨像影子一样度过了夏天,并在接下来的冬天,我一生中最没有阳光的冬天,像影子一样生活在瑙姆堡。这是我最低潮的时候。在这段时间里,我写了《漫游者和他的影子》。毫无疑问,我当时很了解影子。随后的那个冬天,我在热那亚的第一个冬天,诞生了那种甜美和精神上的升华,它几乎与极端的血液和肌肉贫乏密不可分,以《日出》的形式呈现出来。这部作品所反映的那种完美的清晰和愉快,甚至是智力上的丰盛,与我的生理上的最深刻虚弱相吻合,同时也伴随着过度的痛苦。在持续三天的剧烈头痛和恶心的折磨中,我拥有了一种奇异的辩证清晰度,冷酷地思考着那些在我健康时刻无法触及的问题。我的读者可能知道,我认为辩证法是一种衰退的症状,比如在最著名的案例中——苏格拉底的例子。所有智力上的病态紊乱,甚至伴随发烧的半昏迷状态,至今对我来说仍然是完全未知的;为了了解它们的本质和频率,我不得不求助于关于该主题编纂的学术著作。我的血液循环缓慢。没有人能在我身上检测到发烧。一位曾长期治疗我的神经科医生最终宣布:“不,你的神经没有问题,我只是紧张。”绝对不可能在我的身上发现任何局部退化,也没有任何器官性胃部疾病,尽管由于全身疲惫,我可能遭受过严重的胃系统虚弱。即使我的眼睛问题有时接近失明,那也只是结果而非原因;因为每当我的整体生命力改善时,我的视力也会增强。承认这一切后,难道还需要我说我精通衰退的问题吗?我对此了如指掌。甚至那种精巧的艺术,即总体的把握和理解能力,那种对细微差别的感觉,那种“看穿砖墙”的本能心理学,以及我能做的一切,都是在那时学到的,是那个我所有方面都被微妙化的时期所特有的礼物——观察本身,以及所有的观察器官。从病人的角度看待更健康的观念和价值,反之亦然,从充满生活丰富性的立场俯视衰退本能的秘密工作——这是我最长的训练,主要的经验。如果在任何事情上,那就是我在哪方面成为大师的地方。今天,我的手掌握了这个技巧,我现在掌握了反转视角的诀窍:或许这就是为什么只有我能做到价值的全面重估。22For,apartfromthefactthatIamadecadent,Iamalsothereverseofsuchacreature.Amongotherthingsmyproofofthisis,thatIalwaysinstinctivelyselecttheproperremedywhenmyspiritualorbodilyhealthislow;whereasthedecadent,assuch,invariablychoosesthoseremedieswhicharebadforhim.AsawholeIwassound,butincertaindetailsIwasadecadent.ThatenergywithwhichIsentencedmyselftoabsolutesolitude,andtoaseverancefromallthoseconditionsinlifetowhichIhadgrownaccustomed;mydisciplineofmyself,andmyrefusaltoallowmyselftobepampered,tobetendedhandandfoot,andtobedoctored—allthisbetraystheabsolutecertaintyofmyinstinctsrespectingwhatatthattimewasmostneedfultome.Iplacedmyselfinmyownhands,Irestoredmyselftohealth:thefirstconditionofsuccessinsuchanundertaking,aseveryphysiologistwilladmit,isthatatbottomamanshouldbesound.Anintrinsicallymorbidnaturecannotbecomehealthy.Ontheotherhand,toanintrinsicallysoundnature,illnessmayevenconstituteapowerfulstimulustolife,toasurplusoflife.ItisinthislightthatInowregardthelongperiodofillnessthatIendured:itseemedasifIhaddiscoveredlifeafresh,myownselfincluded.Itastedallgoodthingsandeventriflesinawayinwhichitwasnoteasyforotherstotastethem—outofmyWilltoHealthandtoLifeImademyphilosophy....Forthisshouldbethoroughlyunderstood;itwasduringthoseyearsinwhichmyvitalityreacheditslowestpointthatIceasedfrombeingapessimist:theinstinctofself-recoveryforbademyholdingtoaphilosophyofpovertyanddesperation.Now,bywhatsignsareNature'sluckystrokesrecognisedamongmen?Theyarerecognisedbythefactthatanysuchluckystrokegladdensoursenses;thatheiscarvedfromoneintegralblock,whichishard,sweet,andfragrantaswell.Heenjoysthatonlywhichisgoodforhim;hispleasure,hisdesire,ceaseswhenthelimitsofthatwhichisgoodforhimareoverstepped.Hedivinesremediesforinjuries;heknowshowtoturnseriousaccidentstohisownadvantage;thatwhichdoesnotkillhimmakeshimstronger.Heinstinctivelygathershismaterialfromallhesees,hears,andexperiences.Heisaselectiveprinciple;herejectsmuch.Heisalwaysinhisowncompany,whetherhisintercoursebewithbooks,withmen,orwithnaturalscenery;hehonoursthethingshechooses,thethingsheacknowledges,thethingshetrusts.Hereactsslowlytoallkindsofstimuli,withthattardinesswhichlongcautionanddeliberatepridehavebredinhim—heteststheapproachingstimulus;hewouldnotdreamofmeetingithalf-way.Hebelievesneitherin"ill-luck"nor"guilt";hecandigesthimselfandothers;heknowshowtoforget—heisstrongenoughtomakeeverythingturntohisownadvantage.因为,除了我是一个颓废者之外,我也正好是这种生物的反面。我的证明之一是,在我的精神或身体状况不佳时,我总是本能地选择合适的疗法;而作为颓废者的典型特征,他们总是选择对自己有害的疗法。作为一个整体,我是健康的,但在某些细节上,我也是颓废的。我给自己判了绝对孤独的刑罚,并且断绝了所有我已习惯的生活条件;我对自己的严格自律,拒绝被溺爱、被细心照料、被过度医疗——这一切都表明了我的本能对我当时最需要的东西有着绝对的把握。我把自己的健康交到自己手中,恢复了健康:每一个生理学家都会承认,成功的关键在于一个人本质上是健康的。一个内在病态的本质不可能变得健康。另一方面,一个本质上健康的人,即使生病也可能成为生活和生命活力的强大刺激。我现在正是以这种方式看待那段漫长的患病时期:似乎我重新发现了生活,包括我自己。我以一种他人难以做到的方式品味了所有的美好事物,甚至一些琐事——出于我对健康和生命的渴望,我构建了自己的哲学……这一点应该完全理解:在我生命力最低谷的那些年里,我停止了悲观主义:自我恢复的本能禁止我坚持贫困和绝望的哲学。那么,人们是如何识别出幸运之神的恩赐呢?它们通过这样的事实来识别:任何这样的幸运之神降临都会使我们的感官愉悦;他是由一块完整的材料雕刻而成的,坚硬、甜美且芬芳。他只享受对他有益的事物;当超出对他有益的限度时,他的快乐和欲望就会停止。他能预知伤害的解药;他知道如何将严重的事故转化为自己的优势;那些不能杀死他的东西会使他变得更强大。他本能地从他所见、所闻、所经历的一切中汲取养分。他是一个选择性的原则;他会排斥很多东西。无论与书籍、人还是自然风景交往,他始终独处;他尊重他所选择的、认可的、信任的事物。他对各种刺激反应缓慢,带着长期谨慎和深思熟虑的骄傲培养出来的迟缓——他会测试即将来临的刺激;他绝不会半途而废地迎接它。他既不相信“霉运”也不相信“罪责”;他能消化自己和他人;他知道如何忘记——他足够强大,能让一切为自己所用。Lothen!Iamtheveryreverseofadecadent,forhewhomIhavejustdescribedisnoneotherthanmyself.瞧罢!我恰恰是一个相反于颓废的人,因为我刚刚描述的那个人不是别人,正是我自己。33Thisdoublethreadofexperiences,thismeansofaccesstotwoworldsthatseemsofarasunder,findsineverydetailitscounterpartinmyownnature—Iammyowncomplement:Ihavea"second"sight,aswellasafirst.AndperhapsIalsohaveathirdsight.BytheverynatureofmyoriginIwasallowedanoutlookbeyondallmerelylocal,merelynationalandlimitedhorizons;itrequirednoeffortonmyparttobea"goodEuropean."Ontheotherhand,IamperhapsmoreGermanthanmodernGermans—mereImperialGermans—canhopetobe,—I,thelastanti-politicalGerman.Bethisasitmay,myancestorswerePolishnoblemen:itisowingtothemthatIhavesomuchraceinstinctinmyblood—whoknows?perhapseventheliberumveto[1]WhenIthinkofthenumberoftimesinmytravelsthatIhavebeenaccostedasaPole,evenbyPolesthemselves,andhowseldomIhavebeentakenforaGerman,itseemstomeasifIbelongedtothoseonlywhohaveasprinklingofGermaninthem.Butmymother,FranziskaOehler,isatanyratesomethingveryGerman;asisalsomypaternalgrandmother,ErdmutheKrause.ThelatterspentthewholeofheryouthingoodoldWeimar,notwithoutcomingintocontactwithGoethe'scircle.Herbrother,Krause,theProfessorofTheologyinKönigsberg,wascalledtothepostofGeneralSuperintendentatWeimarafterHerder'sdeath.Itisnotunlikelythathermother,mygreatgrandmother,ismentionedinyoungGoethe'sdiaryunderthenameof"Muthgen."Shemarriedtwice,andhersecondhusbandwasSuperintendentNietzscheofEilenburg.In1813,theyearofthegreatwar,whenNapoleonwithhisgeneralstaffenteredEilenburgonthe10thofOctober,shegavebirthtoason.AsadaughterofSaxonyshewasagreatadmirerofNapoleon,andmaybeIamsostill.Myfather,bornin1813,diedin1849.PrevioustotakingoverthepastorshipoftheparishofRöcken,notfarfromLützen,helivedforsomeyearsattheCastleofAltenburg,wherehehadchargeoftheeducationofthefourprincesses.HispupilsaretheQueenofHanover,theGrand-DuchessConstantine,theGrand-DuchessofOldenburg,andthePrincessTheresaofSaxe-Altenburg.HewasfullofloyalrespectforthePrussianKing,FrederickWilliamtheFourth,fromwhomheobtainedhislivingatRöcken;theeventsof1848saddenedhimextremely.AsIwasbornonthe15thofOctober,thebirthdayofthekingabovementioned,InaturallyreceivedtheHohenzollernnamesofFrederickWilliam.Therewasatalleventsoneadvantageinthechoiceofthisday:mybirthdaythroughoutthewholeofmychildhoodwasadayofpublicrejoicing.Iregarditasagreatprivilegetohavehadsuchafather:itevenseemstomethatthisembracesallthatIcanclaiminthematterofprivileges—life,thegreatyeatolife,excepted.WhatIowetohimaboveallisthis,thatIdonotneedanyspecialintention,butmerelyalittlepatience,inorderinvoluntarilytoenteraworldofhigherandmoredelicatethings.ThereIamathome,therealonedoesmyinmostpassionbecomefree.ThefactthatIhadtopayforthisprivilegealmostwithmylife,certainlydoesnotmakeitabadbargain.InordertounderstandevenalittleofmyZarathustra,perhapsamanmustbesituatedandconstitutedverymuchasIammyself—withonefootbeyondtherealmoftheliving.这种双重经验的线索,这种通往两个看似截然不同的世界的途径,在我的每一个细节中都能找到其在自身天性中的对应物——我是我自己的补充:我有“第二”视力,也有一般的视力。或许我还有第三种视力。由于我的出身本性,我被赋予了超越所有仅仅局限于地方、民族和有限视野的展望;对我来说,成为一个“优秀的欧洲人”无需付出任何努力。另一方面,我也许比现代德国人——那些纯粹的帝国德国人——更德国化——我是最后一个反政治的德国人。无论如何,我的祖先是波兰贵族:正是他们让我血液中充满了种族本能——谁知道呢?甚至可能是解放否决权[1]。每当我在旅途中被当作波兰人,甚至是被波兰人自己认出来,而我很少被误认为是德国人时,我觉得我似乎属于那些混有德意志血统的人。然而,我的母亲弗朗齐斯卡·奥勒尔(FranziskaOehler)至少是非常德国化的;我的外祖母埃尔德穆特·克劳泽(ErdmutheKrause)也是如此。后者在古老的魏玛度过了她的整个青春岁月,期间与歌德的圈子有所接触。她的哥哥,康尼斯堡的神学教授克劳泽,在赫尔德去世后被召到魏玛担任大主教。她母亲,我的曾祖母,很可能在年轻歌德的日记中以“穆特根”的名字被提到。她结过两次婚,第二次婚姻的对象是埃伦堡的尼采牧师。1813年,拿破仑战争那一年,10月10日,拿破仑和他的总参谋部进入埃伦堡时,她生下了一个儿子。作为萨克森的女儿,她非常钦佩拿破仑,也许我至今依然如此。我的父亲出生于1813年,在1849年去世。在他接管吕岑附近罗肯教区的牧师职位之前,他在阿尔滕堡城堡生活了几年,负责教育四位公主。他的学生是汉诺威女王、康斯坦丁大公爵夫人、奥尔登堡大公爵夫人以及萨克森-阿尔滕堡的特蕾莎公主。他对普鲁士国王腓特烈·威廉四世充满忠诚的敬意,从他那里他在罗肯谋生;1848年的事件使他极度悲伤。由于我出生在上述提到的那位国王的生日,10月15日,我自然得到了霍亨索伦家族的名字弗雷德里希·威廉。至少有一点好处在于选择了这一天:在我的整个童年时期,我的生日都是公众欢庆的日子。我认为能有这样的父亲是一种极大的荣幸:这似乎就是我在特权方面所能要求的一切——生命,对生命的极大肯定,除外。我从他那里所获得的最重要的东西是,我不需要特别的意图,只需一点耐心,就能不自觉地进入一个更高尚、更细腻的世界。在那里,我是自在的,只有在那里,我的内在激情才能自由释放。我为此特权几乎付出了生命的代价,当然这并不意味着它不是一笔好交易。为了理解哪怕一点点我的查拉图斯特拉,也许一个人必须处于和我非常相似的状态和构成之中——一只脚已经跨入了生死之外的世界。44Ihaveneverunderstoodtheartofarousingill-feelingagainstmyself,—thisisalsosomethingforwhichIhavetothankmyincomparablefather,—evenwhenitseemedtomehighlydesirabletodoso.Howeverun-Christianitmayseem,Idonotevenbearanyill-feelingtowardsmyself.Turnmylifeaboutasyoumay,youwillfindbutseldom—perhapsindeedonlyonce—anytraceofsomeone'shavingshownmeill-will.Youmightperhapsdiscover,however,toomanytracesofgoodwill....Myexperiencesevenwiththoseonwhomeveryothermanhasburnthisfingers,speakwithoutexceptionintheirfavour;Itameeverybear,Icanmakeevenclownsbehavedecently.DuringthesevenyearsinwhichItaughtGreektothesixthformoftheCollegeatBâle,Ineverhadoccasiontoadministerapunishment;thelaziestyouthswerediligentinmyclass.Theunexpectedhasalwaysfoundmeequaltoit;Imustbeunpreparedinordertokeepmyself-command.Whatevertheinstrumentwas,evenifitwereasoutoftuneastheinstrument"man"canpossiblybe,—itwasonlywhenIwasillthatIcouldnotsucceedinmakingitexpresssomethingthatwasworthhearing.AndhowoftenhaveInotbeentoldbythe"instruments"themselves,thattheyhadneverbeforeheardtheirvoicesexpresssuchbeautifulthings....ThiswassaidtomemostdelightfullyperhapsbythatyoungfellowHeinrichvonStein,whodiedatsuchanunpardonablyearlyage,andwho,afterhavingconsideratelyaskedleavetodoso,onceappearedinSils-Mariaforathreedays'sojourn,tellingeverybodytherethatitwasnotfortheEngadinethathehadcome.Thisexcellentperson,whowithalltheimpetuoussimplicityofayoungPrussiannobleman,hadwadeddeepintotheswampofWagnerism(andintothatofDübringism[2]intothebargain!),seemedalmosttransformedduringthesethreedaysbyahurricaneoffreedom,likeonewhohasbeensuddenlyraisedtohisfullheightandgivenwings.AgainandagainIsaidtohimthatthiswasallowingtothesplendidair;everybodyfeltthesame,—onecouldnotstand6000feetaboveBayreuthfornothing,—buthewouldnotbelieveme....Bethisasitmay,ifIhavebeenthevictimofmanyasmallorevengreatoffence,itwasnot"will,"andleastofallill-willthatactuatedtheoffenders;butrather,asIhavealreadysuggested,itwasgoodwill,thecauseofnosmallamountofmischiefinfmylife,aboutwhichIhadtocomplain.Myexperiencegavemearighttofeelsuspiciousinregardtoallso-called"unselfish"instincts,inregardtothewholeof"neighbourlylove"whichiseverreadyandwaitingwithdeedsorwithadvice.Tomeitseemsthattheseinstinctsareasignofweakness,theyareanexampleoftheinabilitytowithstandastimulus—itisonlyamongdecadentsthatthispityiscalledavirtue.WhatIreproachthepitifulwithis,thattheyaretooreadytoforgetshame,reverence,andthedelicacyoffeelingwhichknowshowtokeepatadistance;theydonotrememberthatthisgushingpitystinksofthemob,andthatitisnextofkintobadmanners—thatpitifulhandsmaybethrustwithresultsfatallydestructiveintoagreatdestiny,intoalonelyandwoundedretirement,andintotheprivilegeswithwhichgreatguiltendowsone.TheovercomingofpityIreckonamongthenoblevirtues;Inthe"TemptationofZarathustra"Ihaveimaginedacase,inwhichagreatcryofdistressreacheshisears,inwhichpityswoopsdownuponhimlikealastsin,andwouldmakehimbreakfaithwithhimself.Toremainone'sownmasterinsuchcircumstances,tokeepthesublimityofone'smissionpureinsuchcases,—purefromthemanyignobleandmoreshort-sightedimpulseswhichcomeintoplayinso-calledunselfishactions,—thisistherub,thelasttestperhapswhichaZarathustrahastoundergo—theactualproofofhispower.我从未理解过如何激起对他人的反感——这也是我要感谢我的无可比拟的父亲的地方——即使在我看来,这样做似乎非常必要。无论这看起来多么不符合基督教精神,我甚至不对自己抱有任何恶意。无论你如何颠倒我的人生,你也只会很少发现有人对我怀有恶意——或许真的只有一次——而你会发现太多善意的痕迹……即使那些其他人都已失手的人,我的经历也始终为他们辩护;我能驯服每头熊,甚至能让小丑表现得体面。在我于巴塞尔学院教希腊语的七年里,我从未有过惩罚学生的必要;最懒的学生在我的课堂上也变得勤奋。意外总是能让我应对自如;只有在我毫无准备时,我才能保持镇定。无论工具是什么,即使它像“人”这个乐器那样不和谐,甚至完全走调——只有当我生病时,我才无法让它表达出值得倾听的内容。而且这些“乐器”自己不是常常告诉我,他们从未听到过自己的声音能表达如此美丽的东西吗……也许最愉快的是那个年轻的海因里希·冯·施泰因,他死得太早了,让人无法原谅,他在得到谨慎的允许后,有一次到锡尔斯-玛丽亚住了三天,并告诉那里每个人,他来这里并不是为了恩加丁。这位优秀的人,带着普鲁士贵族青年所有的冲动和单纯,深陷瓦格纳主义(以及杜林主义)的泥沼之中,但在那三天里,他几乎被一股自由的飓风所改变,仿佛突然被提升到了应有的高度并获得了翅膀。我多次对他说,这一切都是由于美妙的空气;每个人都感受到了同样的变化——毕竟,不能毫无理由地站在比拜罗伊特高出6000英尺的地方——但他不相信我……无论如何,如果我曾是许多小甚至大冒犯的受害者,那么促使冒犯者行动的并非“意志”,更不是恶意;相反,正如我已经暗示的那样,这是善意,它在我的生活中造成了不少麻烦,对此我不得不抱怨。我的经验让我有权对所有所谓的“无私”本能持怀疑态度,对随时准备以行为或建议表现出的整个“邻里之爱”持怀疑态度。在我看来,这些本能是软弱的表现,它们是无法抵御刺激的例子——这种怜悯只存在于堕落者中才被称为美德。我责备可怜者的正是,他们太容易忘记羞耻、敬畏和那种知道如何保持距离的细腻情感;他们忘记了这种泛滥的怜悯散发着人群的气息,它与不良礼仪有着密切关系——可怜的手可能会在重大的命运、孤独和受伤的隐退以及伟大的罪行赋予的特权中造成致命的破坏性影响。我认为克服怜悯是一种高贵的美德;在《查拉图斯特拉的诱惑》中,我设想了一个情境,在这个情境中,一声巨大的呼救声传入他的耳朵,怜悯像最后的罪恶一样降临到他身上,试图让他违背自己的信仰。在这种情况下保持自己的主人地位,保持使命的崇高性纯洁无瑕,在这样的案例中——纯粹不受众多卑鄙和更短视的冲动的影响,这些冲动在所谓的无私行为中起作用——这是难题,或许是查拉图斯特拉必须经历的最后一项测试,也是对他力量的实际考验。55InyetanotherrespectIamnomorethanmyfatheroveragain,andasitwerethecontinuationofhislifeafteranall-too-earlydeath.Likeeverymanwhohasneverbeenabletomeethisequal,anduntowhomtheconcept"retaliation"isjustasincomprehensibleasthenotionof"equalrights,"Ihaveforbiddenmyselftheuseofanysortofmeasureofsecurityorprotection—andalso,ofcourse,ofdefenceand"justification"—inallcasesinwhichIhavebeenmadethevictimeitheroftriflingorevenverygreatfoolishness.Myformofretaliationconsistsinthis:assoonaspossibletosetapieceofclevernessattheheelsofanactofstupidity;bythismeansperhapsitmaystillbepossibletoovertakeit.Tospeakinaparable:Idispatchapotofjaminordertogetridofabitterexperience....Letanybodyonlygivemeoffence,Ishall"retaliate,"hecanbequitesureofthat:beforelongIdiscoveranopportunityofexpressingmythankstothe"offender"(amongotherthingsevenfortheoffence)—orofaskinghimforsomething,whichcanbemorecourteouseventhangiving.Italsoseemstomethattherudestword,therudestletter,ismoregood-natured,morestraightforward,thansilence.Those—whokeepsilentarealmostalwayslackinginsubtletyandrefinementofheart;silenceisanobjection,toswallowagrievancemustnecessarilyproduceabadtemper—itevenupsetsthestomach.Allsilentpeoplearedyspeptic.YouperceivethatIshouldnotliketoseerudenessundervalued;itisbyfarthemosthumaneformofcontradiction,and,inthemidstofmoderneffeminacy,itisoneofourfirstvirtues;Ifoneissufficientlyrichforit,itmayevenbeajoytobewrong.Ifagodweretodescendtothisearth,hewouldhavetodonothingbutwrong—totakeguiltnotpunishment,onone'sshoulders,isthefirstproofofdivinity.在另一个方面,我不过是我父亲的延续,仿佛在他过早去世之后继续他的生命。就像每一个从未能够遇到同等对手的人一样,报复的概念对我来说就像“平等权利”的观念一样难以理解,因此,在所有我成为愚蠢行为(无论是微不足道还是非常严重的愚蠢)的受害者的情况下,我都禁止自己使用任何形式的安全措施或保护——当然,也包括防御和“正当理由”。我的报复形式是这样的:尽可能快地在愚蠢行为之后紧跟一个聪明之举;通过这种方式,也许还有可能追赶上它。打个比喻来说:我派去一罐果酱以摆脱一段痛苦的经历……只要有人冒犯了我,我一定会“报复”,他可以确信这一点:不久之后我会发现一个机会,表达我对“冒犯者”的感谢(其中包括对他冒犯的感谢)——或者向他提出请求,这甚至比给予更为礼貌。在我看来,最粗鲁的话语或最粗鲁的信件,都比沉默更加善良、更加直率。那些保持沉默的人几乎总是缺乏细腻和内心的修养;沉默是一种反对,吞下怨恨必然会产生坏脾气——甚至会损害胃部健康。所有沉默的人都患有消化不良。你可能会注意到,我不喜欢看到粗鲁被低估;这是迄今为止最人道的反驳形式,在现代柔弱之中,它是我们的一项首要美德;如果一个人足够富有,即使是犯错也可能是一种乐趣。如果有一位神降临到这个地球上,他唯一需要做的就是犯错——承担罪责而不是惩罚,是神性的第一个证明。66Freedomfromresentmentandtheunderstandingofthenatureofresentment—whoknowshowverymuchafterallIamindebtedtomylongillnessforthesetwothings?Theproblemisnotexactlysimple:amanmusthaveexperiencedboththroughhisstrengthandthroughhisweakness,Ifillnessandweaknessaretobechargedwithanythingatall,itiswiththefactthatwhentheyprevail,theveryinstinctofrecovery,whichistheinstinctofdefenceandofwarinman,becomesdecayed.Heknowsnothowtogetridofanything,howtocometotermswithanything,andhowtocastanythingbehindhim.Everythingwoundshim.Peopleandthingsdrawimportunatelynear,allexperiencesstrikedeep,memoryisagatheringwound.Tobeillisasortofresentmentinitself.Againstthisresentmenttheinvalidhasonlyonegreatremedy—IcallitRussianfatalism,thatfatalismwhichisfreefromrevolt,andwithwhichtheRussiansoldier,towhomacampaignprovesunbearable,ultimatelylayshimselfdowninthesnow.Toacceptnothingmore,toundertakenothingmore,toabsorbnothingmore—toceaseentirelyfromreacting....Thetremendoussagacityofthisfatalism,whichdoesnotalwaysimplymerelythecouragefordeath,butwhichinthemostdangerouscasesmayactuallyconstituteaself-preservativemeasure,amountstoareductionofactivityinthevitalfunctions,theslackeningdownofwhichislikeasortofwilltohibernate.Afewstepsfartherinthisdirectionwefindthefakir,whowillsleepforweeksinatomb....Owingtothefactthatonewouldbeuseduptooquicklyifonereacted,onenolongerreactsatall:thisistheprinciple.Andnothingonearthconsumesamanmorequicklythanthepassionofresentment.Mortification,morbidsusceptibility,theinabilitytowreakrevenge,thedesireandthirstforrevenge,theconcoctionofeverysortofpoison—thisissurelythemostinjuriousmannerofreactingwhichcouldpossiblybeconceivedbyexhaustedmen.Itinvolvesarapidwastingawayofnervousenergy,anabnormalincreaseofdetrimentalsecretions,as,forinstance,thatofbileintothestomach.Tothesickmanresentmentoughttobemorestrictlyforbiddenthananythingelse—itishisspecialdanger:unfortunately,however,itisalsohismostnaturalpropensity.ThiswasfullygraspedbythatprofoundphysiologistBuddha.His"religion,"whichitwouldbebettertocallasystemofhygiene,inordertoavoidconfoundingitwithacreedsowretchedasChristianity,dependedforitseffectuponthetriumphoverresentment:tomakethesoulfreetherefromwasconsideredthefirststeptowardsrecovery."Notthroughhostilityishostilityputtoflight;throughfriendshipdoeshostilityend":thisstandsatthebeginningofBuddha'steaching—thisisnotapreceptofmorality,butofphysiology.Resentmentbornofweaknessisnotmoredeleterioustoanybodythanitistotheweakmanhimself—conversely,inthecaseofthatmanwhosenatureisfundamentallyarichone,resentmentisasuperfluousfeeling,afeelingtoremainmasterofwhichisalmostaproofofriches.Thoseofmyreaderswhoknowtheearnestness-withwhichmyphilosophywageswaragainstthefeelingsofrevengeandrancour,eventotheextentofattackingthedoctrineof"freewill"(myconflictwithChristianityisonlyaparticularinstanceofit),willunderstandwhyIwishtofocusattentionuponmyownpersonalattitudeandthecertaintyofmypracticalinstinctspreciselyinthismatter.InmymomentsofdecadenceIforbademyselftheindulgenceoftheabovefeelings,becausetheywereharmful;assoonasmyliferecoveredenoughrichesandpride,however,Iregardedthemagainasforbidden,butthistimebecausetheywerebeneathme.That"Russianfatalism"ofwhichIhavespokenmanifesteditselfinmeinsuchawaythatforyearsIheldtenaciouslytoalmostinsufferableconditions,places,habitations,andcompanions,oncechancehadplacedthemonmypath—itwasbetterthanchangingthem,thanfeelingthattheycouldbechanged,thanrevoltingagainstthem....Hewhostirredmefromthisfatalism,hewhoviolentlytriedtoshakemeintoconsciousness,seemedtomethenamortalenemy—inpointoffact,therewasdangerofdeatheachtimethiswasdone.Toregardone'sselfasadestiny,nottowishone'sself"different"—this,insuchcircumstances,issagacity,itself.摆脱怨恨以及理解怨恨的本性——谁知道我的长期病痛在这两方面让我欠下了多少情债呢?这个问题并不简单:一个人必须通过他的力量和软弱都体验过这两者。如果疾病和软弱要被归咎于什么,那是因为当它们占主导地位时,人类恢复本能——即防御和战争的本能——会衰退。他不知道如何摆脱任何事物,如何与任何事物达成妥协,也不知道如何将任何事物抛诸脑后。每件事都会伤害他。人和事过分接近,所有经历都会深深刺痛,记忆成为一处不断累积的伤口。生病本身也是一种怨恨。针对这种怨恨,病人只有一种伟大的解药——我称之为俄罗斯宿命论,那种不带反抗情绪的宿命论,是最终躺在雪地里的俄罗斯士兵所表现出的那种宿命论。不再接受更多,不再承担更多,不再吸收更多——完全停止反应……这种宿命论的巨大智慧,并不仅仅意味着对死亡的勇气,在最危险的情况下,它实际上可能是一种自我保护措施,相当于降低生命功能的活动,其放松程度就像一种冬眠的意愿。再进一步深入这个方向,我们就会发现瑜伽行者,他们可以在坟墓里睡上几个星期……由于过度反应会让人迅速耗尽,所以不再反应:这就是原则。而世上没有任何东西比怨恨的激情更消耗人的了。沮丧、病态的敏感性、无法报复、报复的欲望和渴望、酝酿各种毒药——这无疑是虚弱之人所能想到的最具破坏性的反应方式。它会导致神经能量的快速消耗、有害分泌物的异常增加,比如胆汁进入胃部。对病人来说,怨恨应该比其他任何事情都更加严格禁止——这是他特有的危险;不幸的是,这也是他最自然的倾向。这一点被那位深刻的生理学家佛陀完全理解了。他所谓的“宗教”,如果改称为卫生系统会更好,以避免将其与如此可怜的教派如基督教混淆,其效果依赖于克服怨恨:使灵魂摆脱怨恨被视为恢复的第一步。“不是通过敌意来驱散敌意;通过友谊结束敌意”是佛陀教义的开端——这不是道德准则,而是生理学原理。由软弱产生的怨恨对任何人没有更大的害处,也不会比对自己更有害——相反,在那个本质上丰富的个体身上,怨恨是一种多余的感伤,能够掌控这种感伤几乎证明了财富的存在。我的读者中那些了解我的哲学如何强烈反对复仇和怨恨的情感,甚至攻击“自由意志”的教条(我的与基督教的冲突只是其中一个例子)的人,会明白为什么我希望在此事上集中关注自己的个人态度和实践直觉的确定性。在我衰落的时刻,我禁止自己沉溺于上述情感,因为它们是有害的;然而,一旦我的生活重新获得了足够的丰富性和骄傲,我就再次视它们为禁忌,但这次是因为它们低于我的身份。我所说的那种“俄罗斯宿命论”在我的表现方式是这样的:多年来,我坚持几乎所有难以忍受的条件、地点、居所和同伴,一旦偶然出现在我的道路上——这比改变它们、觉得它们可以改变、或者反抗它们都要好……那个使我从这种宿命论中解脱出来的人,那个暴力地试图唤醒我的意识的人,当时在我看来像是一个致命的敌人——事实上,每次这样做都有死亡的危险。将自己视为命运,不希望自己“不同”——在这种情况下,这是一种智慧。77War,ontheotherhand,issomethingdifferent.AtheartIamawarrior.Attackingbelongstomyinstincts.Tobeabletobeanenemy,tobeanenemy—maybethesethingspresupposeastrongnature;inanycaseallstrongnaturesinvolvethesethings.Suchnaturesneedresistance,consequentlytheygoinsearchofobstacles:thepathosofaggressionbelongsofnecessitytostrengthasmuchasthefeelingsofrevengeandofrancourbelongtoweakness.Woman,forinstance,isrevengeful;herweaknessinvolvesthispassion,justasitinvolveshersusceptibilityinthepresenceofotherpeople'ssuffering.Thestrengthoftheaggressorcanbemeasuredbytheoppositionwhichheneeds;everyincreaseofgrowthbetraysitselfbyaseekingoutofmoreformidableopponents—orproblems:foraphilosopherwhoiscombativechallengesevenproblemstoaduel.Thetaskisnottoovercomeopponentsingeneral,butonlythoseopponentsagainstwhomonehastosummonallone'sstrength,one'sskill,andone'sswordsmanship—infact,opponentswhoareone'sequals....Tobeone'senemy'sequal—thisisthefirstconditionofanhonourableduel.Whereonedespises,onecannotwagewar.Whereonecommands,whereoneseessomethingbeneathone,oneoughtnottowagewar.MywartacticscanbereducedtofourprinciplesAFirst,Iattackonlythingsthataretriumphant—ifnecessaryIwaituntiltheybecometriumphant.Secondly,IattackonlythosethingsagainstwhichIfindnoallies,againstwhichIstandalone—againstwhichIcompromisenobodybutmyself....Ihavenotyettakenonesinglestepbeforethepubliceye,whichdidnotcompromiseme:thatismycriterionofapropermodeofaction.Thirdly,Inevermakepersonalattacks—Iuseapersonalitymerelyasamagnifying-glass,bymeansofwhichIrenderageneral,butelusiveandscarcelynoticeableevil,moreapparent.InthiswayIattackedDavidStrauss,orratherthesuccessgiventoasenilebookbytheculturedclassesofGermany—bythismeansIcaughtGermanculturered-handed.InthiswayIattackedWagner,orratherthefalsityormongrelinstinctsofour"culture"whichconfoundsthesuper-refinedwiththestrong,andtheeffetewiththegreat.Fourthly,Iattackonlythosethingsfromwhichallpersonaldifferencesareexcluded,inwhichanysuchthingasabackgroundofdisagreeableexperiencesislacking.Onthecontrary,attackingistomeaproofofgoodwilland,incertaincircumstances,ofgratitude.Bymeansofit,Idohonourtoathing,Idistinguishathing;whetherIassociatemynamewiththatofaninstitutionoraperson,bybeingagainstorforeither,isallthesametome.IfIwagewaragainstChristianity,Ifeeljustifiedindoingso,becauseinthatquarterIhavemetwithnofatalexperiencesanddifficulties—themostearnestChristianshavealwaysbeenkindlydisposedtome.I,personally,themostessentialopponentofChristianity,amfarfromholdingtheindividualresponsibleforwhatisthefatalityoflongages.战争,另一方面,是另一回事。我本质上是一个战士。进攻属于我的本能。能够成为敌人,成为一个敌人——也许这些事情需要一种坚强的本性;无论如何,所有坚强的本性都涉及这些事情。这样的本性需要抵抗,因此它们会去寻找障碍物:侵略的激情必然属于力量,正如复仇和怨恨的感情属于软弱一样。例如,女人是报复心强的;她的软弱包含了这种激情,就像她在面对他人痛苦时的敏感一样。侵略者的强大可以通过他需要的阻力来衡量;每一次成长的增强都会通过寻找更可怕的对手或问题来表现出来:事实上,一个好斗的哲学家甚至会对问题发起决斗。任务不是克服一般的对手,而是克服那些需要调动我们所有的力量、技巧和剑术的对手——实际上,是与我们相当的对手……成为自己敌人的平等者——这是荣誉决斗的第一个条件。在轻视的地方,不能作战。在指挥的地方,在看到低于自己的事物时,不应该作战。我的战争策略可以归结为四条原则。第一,我只攻击胜利的事物——如果必要的话,我会等到它们变得胜利。第二,我只攻击那些我没有盟友的事物,那些我独自对抗的事物——那些只有我自己牺牲的事物……在我公众眼中迈出的每一步都没有妥协:这是我正确行动的标准。第三,我从不进行人身攻击——我只是使用一个人物作为一个放大镜,通过它我可以使一种普遍的、模糊的和几乎不易察觉的邪恶更加明显。通过这种方式,我攻击了大卫·施特劳斯,或者更确切地说,是德国文化阶层给予一本老书的成功——通过这种方式,我抓住了德国文化的把柄。通过这种方式,我攻击了瓦格纳,或者说,攻击了我们“文化”的虚伪或混杂的本能,混淆了精致与强大,衰败与伟大的概念。第四,我只攻击那些没有任何个人差异的事物,在其中缺乏任何令人不愉快的经历的背景。相反,攻击对我来说是一种善意的证明,在某些情况下也是一种感激之情。通过这种方式,我对一件事表示敬意,我区分了一件事;无论我是否将自己的名字与一个机构或一个人联系在一起,无论是反对还是支持,对我来说都是一样的。如果我与基督教作战,我觉得这样做是合理的,因为在那边我没有遇到致命的经历和困难——最虔诚的基督徒总是对我持友好态度。就我个人而言,作为基督教最本质的反对者,我远远没有把个人的责任归咎于长年累月的宿命。MayIbeallowedtohazardasuggestionconcerningonelasttraitinmycharacter,whichinmyintercoursewithothermenhasledmeintosomedifficulties?Iamgiftedwithasenseofcleanlinessthekeennessofwhichisphenomenal;somuchso,thatIcanascertainphysiologically—thatistosay,smell—theproximity,nay,theinmostcore,the"entrails"ofeveryhumansoul....Thissensitivenessofmineisfurnishedwithpsychologicalantennæ,wherewithIfeelandgraspeverysecret:thequalityofconcealedfilthlyingatthebaseofmanyahumancharacterwhichmaybetheinevitableoutcomeofbaseblood,andwhicheducationmayhaveveneered,isrevealedtomeatthefirstglance.Ifmyobservationhasbeencorrect,suchpeople,whommysenseofcleanlinessrejects,alsobecomeconscious,ontheirpart,ofthecautiousnesstowhichmyloathingpromptsme:andthisdoesnotmakethemanymorefragrant....InkeepingwithacustomwhichIhavelongobserved,—purehabitsandhonestytowardsmyselfareamongthefirstconditionsofmyexistence,Iwoulddieinuncleansurroundings,—Iswim,bathe,andsplashabout,asitwere,incessantlyinwater,inanykindofperfectlytransparentandshiningelement.Thatiswhymyrelationswithmyfellowstrymypatiencetonosmallextent;myhumanitydoesnotconsistinthefactthatIunderstandthefeelingsofmyfellows,butthatIcanenduretounderstand....Myhumanityisaperpetualprocessofself-mastery.ButIneedsolitude—thatistosay,recovery,returntomyself,thebreathingoffree,crisp,bracingair....ThewholeofmyZarathustraisadithyrambinhonourofsolitude,or,ifIhavebeenunderstood,inhonourofpurity.ThankHeaven,itisnotinhonourof"purefoolery"![3]Hewhohasaneyeforcolourwillcallhimadiamond.Theloathingofmankind,oftherabble,wasalwaysmygreatestdanger....WouldyouhearkentothewordsspokenbyZarathustraconcerningdeliverancefromloathing?我可以冒昧地就我的性格中的最后一个特征提出一个建议吗?这个特征在我的人际交往中曾让我陷入一些困境?我拥有极其敏锐的清洁感;可以说,我能从生理学的角度——也就是说,通过嗅觉——感知到每个人类灵魂的临近,甚至其最深处的“内脏”……我的这种敏感性装备了心理上的触角,使我能够感受到并掌握每一个秘密:许多人性中隐藏的污秽的本质,这可能是低贱血统的必然产物,并且可能被教育所掩盖,在我第一次观察时就被揭示出来。如果我的观察是正确的,那些我的清洁感排斥的人,在他们那边也会意识到我厌恶所带来的谨慎态度:但这并不会让他们变得更芬芳……按照我长期以来的习惯——纯洁的习惯和对自己诚实是我存在的首要条件之一,即使在不洁的环境中我也宁愿死去——我仿佛无时无刻不在水中游泳、沐浴和戏水,无论是在任何完全透明且闪耀的元素中。这就是为什么我的人际关系常常使我忍耐力受到极大的考验;我的人性并不在于我理解他人的感受,而在于我能够忍受去理解……我的人性是一个持续的自我掌控过程。但我需要独处——也就是说,恢复、回归自我,呼吸自由、清新、提神的空气……我的全部《查拉图斯特拉如是说》是一首赞美孤独的狂想曲,或者,如果有人理解了我的意思,就是赞美纯洁。谢天谢地,这不是为了“纯粹的愚蠢”![3]有眼力的人会称他为钻石。对人类、对暴民的厌恶,一直是我的最大危险……你会倾听查拉图斯特拉关于解脱厌恶的话语吗?"Whatforsoothhathcomeuntome?HowdidIdelivermyselffromloathing?Whohathmademineeyeyounger?HowdidIsoartotheheight,wheretherearenomorerabblesittingaboutthewell?「究竟發生了什麼事?我是如何擺脫厭惡的?是誰讓我的眼睛變得年輕?我是如何飛升到那裡,那裡已不再有平民坐在井邊?」"Didmyveryloathingforgemewingsandthestrengthtoscentfountainsafaroff?VerilytotheloftiestheightsdidIneedtofly,tofindoncemorethespringofjoyfulness."我的厌恶是否赋予了我翅膀和追寻远方甘泉的力量?确实,我需要飞到最崇高的高度,再次找到快乐之源。"Oh,Ifoundit,mybrethren!Uphere,ontheloftiestheight,thespringofjoyfulnessgushethforthforme.Andthereisalifeatthewellofwhichnorabblecandrinkwithyou.“哦,我找到了,我的弟兄们!在这最高的高度上,我的快乐之泉喷涌而出。并且有一口井,你们可以从中饮用,但那井水是那些乌合之众无法与你们共享的。"Almosttoofiercelydostthourush,forme,thouspringofjoyfulness!Andofttimesdostthouemptythepitcheragainintryingtofillit."你奔涌而来,几乎过于猛烈,你是我的快乐之源!然而,你常常试图再次注满水罐时却使之空了。"AndyetmustIlearntodrawneartheemorehumbly.Fartooeagerlydothmyheartjumptomeetthee.“然而,我必须学会更谦恭地走近你。我的心跳得太快,迫不及待地想要靠近你。"Myheart,whereonmysummerburneth,myshort,hot,melancholy,over-blessedsummer:howmysummerheartyearnethforthycoolness!"我的心,那承载我夏日热情的心,我的短暂、炽热、忧郁且过于幸福的夏日:我的心多么渴望你的清凉啊!"Farewell,thelingeringafflictionofmyspring!PastisthewickednessofmysnowflakesinJune!SummerhaveIbecomeentirely,andsummernoontide!"永别了,我的春之缠绵忧伤!六月飞雪的邪恶已成过往!我已完全成为夏日,正是夏日正午!"Asummerintheloftiestheights,withcoldspringsandblessedstillness:ohcome,myfriends,thatthestillnessmaywaxevenmoreblessed!“在最高处的一个夏天,有冰冷的泉水和神圣的寂静:哦,来吧,我的朋友们,让这寂静变得更加神圣吧!"Forthisisourheightandourhome:toohighandsteepisourdwellingforalltheuncleanandtheirappetites.“因为这是我们的高度和家园:我们的居所太高太陡峭,不适合所有不洁之人及其欲望。"Dobutcastyourpureeyesintothewellofmyjoyfulness,myfriends!Howcoulditthusbecomemuddy!Itwilllaughbackatyouwithitspurity.“我的朋友们啊,只要你们纯净的目光望向我欢乐之井,它怎么会变得浑浊呢!它将以它的纯净反射出笑声。"OnthetreecalledFuturedowebuildournest:eaglesshallbringfoodintheirbeaksuntouslonelyones!「我们在这名为未来的树上筑巢:老鹰会用嘴叼着食物给我们这些孤独者送来!"Verilynotthefoodwhereoftheuncleanmightpartake.Theywouldthinktheyatefireandwouldburntheirmouths!「不义的人,绝不能吃我的食物,他们以为自己吃了火,而他们的口必被烧焦。」"Verily,noabodesfortheuncleandowehereholdinreadiness!Totheirbodiesourhappinesswouldseemanice-cavern,andtotheirspiritsalso!“这里我们绝不为不洁者准备居所!我们的幸福在他们看来会像冰洞,对他们的心灵亦然!"Andlikestrongwindswillweliveabovethem,neighbourstotheeagles,companionsofthesnow,andplaymatesofthesun:thusdostrongwindslive."我们将像强劲的风一样生活在他们之上,成为鹰的邻居,与雪为伴,与太阳嬉戏:这就是强劲的风的生活方式。"AndlikeawindshallIonedayblowamidstthem,andtakeawaytheirsoul'sbreathwithmyspirit:thusmyfuturewillethit."有朝一日,我像一阵风刮过他们中间,用我的精神夺去他们的灵魂之气息:这就是我的未来意愿。"Verily,astrongwindisZarathustratoalllowlands;andthisishiscounseltohisfoesandtoallthosewhospitandspew:'Bewareofspittingagainstthewind!'"“尼采确实像一阵强风,吹向所有的低地;这是他对敌人以及所有吐口水者的劝告:‘当心不要朝风中吐口水!’”[1]TherightwhicheveryPolishdeputy,whetheragreatoraninferiornobleman,possessedofforbiddingthepassingofanymeasurebytheDiet,wascalledinPolandtheliberumveto(inPolishniepozwalam),andbroughtalllegislationtoastandstill.—TR.[1]每一位波兰副议长,无论是一个大贵族还是一个小贵族,都拥有一种否决权,可以阻止议会通过任何法案。在波兰,这种权力被称为解放否决权(在波兰语中是niepozwalam),并使所有立法陷入停滞。——译者注[2]EugenDübringisaphilosopherandpoliticaleconomistwhosegeneraldoctrinemightbecharacterisedasasortofabstractMaterialismwithanoptimisticcolouring.—TR.[2]欧根·迪布林是一位哲学家兼政治经济学家,其总体学说可被描述为一种带有乐观色彩的抽象唯物主义。—TR.[3]This,ofcourse,isareferencetoWagner'sParsifal.Seemynoteonp.96ofTheWilltoPowervol.i.—TR.[3]这当然是指瓦格纳的《帕西法尔》。参见我在《权力意志》第一卷第96页的注释——译者注。

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