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关于道德作为偏见的想法11WiththisbookIopenmycampaignagainstmorality.Notthatitisatallredolentofpowder—youwillfindquiteotherandmuchnicersmellsinit,providedthatyouhaveanykeennessinyournostrils.Thereisnothingeitheroflightorofheavyartilleryinitscomposition,andifitsgeneralendbeanegativeone,itsmeansarenotso—meansoutofwhichtheendfollowslikealogicalconclusion,notlikeacannon-shot.Andifthereadertakesleaveofthisbookwithafeelingoftimidcautioninregardtoeverythingwhichhashithertobeenhonouredandevenworshippedunderthenameofmorality,itdoesnotalterthefactthatthereisnotonenegativeword,notoneattack,andnotonesinglepieceofmaliceinthewholework—onthecontrary,itliesinthesunshine,smoothandhappy,likeamarineanimal,baskinginthesunbetweentworocks.For,afterall,Iwasthismarineanimal:almosteverysentenceinthebookwasthoughtout,orrathercaught,amongthatmedleyofrocksintheneighbourhoodofGenoa,whereIlivedquitealone,andexchangedsecretswiththeocean.Eventothisday,whenbychanceIhappentoturnovertheleavesofthisbook,almosteverysentenceseemstomelikeahookbymeansofwhichIdrawsomethingincomparableoutofthedepths;itswholeskinquiverswithdelicateshuddersofrecollection.Thisbookisconspicuousfornolittleartingentlycatchingthingswhichwhiskrapidlyandsilentlyaway,momentswhichIcallgodlikelizards—notwiththecrueltyofthatyoungGreekgodwhosimplytransfixedthepoorlittlebeast;butneverthelesswithsomethingpointed—withapen."Therearesomanydawnswhichhavenotyetshedtheirlight"—thisIndianmaximiswrittenoverthedoorwayofthisbook.Wheredoesitsauthorseekthatnewmorning,thatdelicatered,asyetundiscovered,withwhichanotherday—ah!awholeseriesofdays,awholeworldofnewdays!—willbegin?IntheTransvaluationofallValues,inanemancipationfromallmoralvalues,inasayingofyea,andinanattitudeoftrust,toallthatwhichhithertohasbeenforbidden,despised,anddamned.Thisyea-sayingbookprojectsitslight,itslove,itstenderness,overallevilthings,itrestorestothemtheirsoul,theirclearconscience,andtheirsuperiorrightandprivilegetoexistonearth.Moralityisnotassailed,itsimplyceasestobeconsidered.Thisbookcloseswiththeword"or?"—itistheonlybookwhichcloseswithan"or?".用这本书,我开始了反对道德的战役。并不是说它有任何火药的味道——如果你的嗅觉敏锐的话,你会发现里面有许多其他且更美好的气味。它的组成中既没有轻型武器,也没有重型武器,而且尽管其总体目标是否定性的,但其手段却并非如此——这些手段像逻辑结论一样得出目标,而不是像炮弹那样射出。如果读者读完这本书后,对迄今为止以“道德”之名被尊崇甚至崇拜的一切都感到胆怯谨慎,这并不改变这样一个事实:整本书中没有一个否定词,没有一次攻击,也没有一句恶意的话——相反,它沐浴在阳光下,平滑而快乐,就像一只海洋动物,在两块岩石之间晒太阳。毕竟,我就是那只海洋动物:这本书中的几乎每一句话都是在热那亚附近的那些岩石迷宫中构思出来的,我在那里独自生活,并与海洋分享秘密。即使到今天,当我偶然翻开这本书的书页时,几乎每句话对我来说都像一个钩子,通过它我能从深处拉出一些无可比拟的东西;它的整个皮肤因回忆的微妙战栗而颤动。这本书以其巧妙捕捉迅速而无声溜走的事物而引人注目,我称之为神似蜥蜴的瞬间——不是带着那个年轻希腊神的那种残酷,他只是简单地刺穿了可怜的小生物;但尽管如此,仍带有某种尖锐的东西——一支笔的尖锐。这句印度格言“有那么多黎明尚未散发出它们的光芒”写在这本书的扉页上。它的作者在哪里寻找那新的黎明,那尚未被发现的细腻红光,另一个日子——啊!一整系列的日子,一个全新的日子世界!——将开始?在所有价值的重估中,在所有道德价值的解放中,在一个肯定的“是”,以及对所有被禁止、被蔑视、被诅咒事物的信任态度中。这本肯定的书将其光芒、爱、温柔洒向一切邪恶的事物,它恢复了它们的灵魂、清晰的良知,以及它们在地球上存在的优越权利和特权。道德并未受到攻击,它只是不再被考虑。这本书以“或?”一词结束——它是唯一一本以“或?”结尾的书。22Mylife-taskistoprepareforhumanityonesuprememomentinwhichitcancometoitssenses,aGreatNooninwhichitwillturnitsgazebackwardsandforwards,inwhichitwillstepfromundertheyokeofaccidentandofpriests,andforthefirsttimesetthequestionoftheWhyandWhereforeofhumanityasawhole—thislife-tasknaturallyfollowsoutoftheconvictionthatmankinddoesnotgetontherightroadofitsownaccord,thatitisbynomeansdivinelyruled,butratherthatitispreciselyunderthecoverofitsmostholyvaluationsthattheinstinctofnegation,ofcorruption,andofdegenerationhasheldsuchaseductivesway.Thequestionconcerningtheoriginofmoralvaluationsisthereforeamatterofthehighestimportancetomebecauseitdeterminesthefutureofmankind.Thedemandmadeuponustobelievethateverythingisreallyinthebesthands,thatacertainbook,theBible,givesusthedefiniteandcomfortingassurancethatthereisaProvidencethatwiselyrulesthefateofman,—whentranslatedbackintorealityamountssimplytothis,namely,thewilltostiflethetruthwhichmaintainsthereverseofallthis,whichisthathithertomanhasbeenintheworstpossiblehands,andthathehasbeengovernedbythephysiologicallybotched,themenofcunningandburningrevengefulness,andtheso-called"saints"—thoseslanderersoftheworldandtraducersofhumanity.Thedefiniteproofofthefactthatthepriest(includingthepriestindisguise,thephilosopher)hasbecomemaster,notonlywithinacertainlimitedreligiouscommunity,buteverywhere,andthatthemoralityofdecadence,thewilltononentity,hasbecomemoralityperse,istobefoundinthis:thataltruismisnowanabsolutevalue,andegoismisregardedwithhostilityeverywhere.Hewhodisagreeswithmeonthispoint,Iregardasinfected.Butalltheworlddisagreeswithme.Toaphysiologistalikeantagonismbetweenvaluesadmitsofnodoubt.Ifthemostinsignificantorganwithinthebodyneglects,howeverslightly,toassertwithabsolutecertaintyitsself-preservativepowers,itsrecuperativeclaims,anditsegoism,thewholesystemdegenerates.Thephysiologistinsistsupontheremovalofdegeneratedparts,hedeniesallfellow-feelingforsuchparts,andhasnotthesmallestfeelingofpityforthem.Butthedesireofthepriestispreciselythedegenerationofthewholeofmankind;hencehispreservationofthatwhichisdegenerate—thisiswhathisdominioncostshumanity.Whatmeaninghavethoselyingconcepts,thosehandmaidsofmorality,"Soul,""Spirit,""Freewill,""God,"iftheiraimisnotthephysiologicalruinofmankind?Whenearnestnessisdivertedfromtheinstinctsthataimatself-preservationandanincreaseofbodilyenergy,i.e.atanincreaseoflife;whenanæmiaisraisedtoanidealandthecontemptofthebodyisconstruedas"thesalvationofthesoul,"whatisallthisifitisnotarecipefordecadence?Lossofballast,resistanceofferedtonaturalinstincts,selflessness,infact—thisiswhathashithertobeenknownasmorality.WithTheDawnofDayIfirstengagedinastruggleagainstthemoralityofself-renunciation.我的人生任务是为人类准备一个至高无上的时刻,在这一刻,它能够清醒过来,一个伟大的正午,在这一刻,它会回顾过去并展望未来,在这一刻,它会从偶然性和祭司的统治下走出来,第一次将整个人类的“为什么”和“为了什么”的问题提出来——这个人生任务自然是从一种信念中产生的,即人类不会自行走上正确的道路,它绝不是由神灵统治的,而是恰恰在它最神圣的价值观的掩盖下,否定、腐化和堕落的本能一直有着如此诱人的影响力。因此,关于道德价值观起源的问题对我来说是最重要的,因为它决定了人类的未来。要求我们相信一切都真的掌握在最好的手中,某本书,即《圣经》,给我们提供了明确而令人安慰的保证,即有一种天命明智地掌控着人类的命运——当被翻译回现实时,这仅仅意味着要扼杀维持这一切相反的真相,即迄今为止,人类一直在最糟糕的手中,并且一直被生理性受损的人、狡猾而复仇心强的人以及所谓的“圣人”(即世界的诽谤者和人性的诋毁者)所统治。证明牧师(包括以伪装形式存在的牧师,即哲学家)不仅在一个特定的宗教社区内成为主人,而且在任何地方都成为主人的事实,以及衰败的道德、虚无主义的意志已经成为道德本身的事实,可以在这一点上找到:利他主义现在被视为绝对价值,而自私则在任何地方都被视为敌对的。在这个问题上不同意我的人,我认为他是受到感染的。但是全世界都不同意我。对生理学家来说,这种价值之间的对立不容置疑。如果身体中最微不足道的器官稍微忽视了其自我保护能力、恢复力和自我利益的绝对确定性,整个系统就会退化。生理学家坚持去除退化的部分,他对这些部分毫无同情心,对它们也没有丝毫怜悯之情。然而,牧师的愿望恰恰是整个人类的退化;因此,他保存那些退化的部分——这就是他的统治给全人类带来的代价。如果他们的目标不是人类的生理衰退,“灵魂”、“精神”、“自由意志”、“上帝”这些谎言的概念、道德的仆人还有什么意义呢?当认真对待的事情偏离了旨在自我保护和增强身体能量的本能时,即偏离了增强生命的本能时;当贫血被提升为理想,身体的轻视被解释为“灵魂的救赎”时,所有这些都是不是一种衰败的处方呢?失去重心、对自然本能的抗拒、无私,事实上,这就是迄今为止被称为道德的东西。在《曙光》中,我才开始与自我牺牲的道德进行斗争。