瞧!这个人

“查拉图斯特拉如是说”

1Humanall-too-Human,withitstwosequels,isthememorialofacrisis.Itiscalledabookforfreespirits:almosteverysentenceinitistheexpressionofatriumph—bymeansofitIpurgedmyselfofeverythinginmewhichwasforeigntomynature.Idealismisforeigntome:thetitleofthebookmeans:"WhereyeseeidealthingsIsee—human,alas!all-too-humanthings!"...Iknowmenbetter.Theword"freespirit"inthisbookmustnotbeunderstoodasanythingelsethanaspiritthathasbecomefree,thathasoncemoretakenpossessionofitself.Mytone,thepitchofmyvoice,hascompletelychanged;thebookwillbethoughtclever,cool,andattimesbothhardandscornful.Acertainspirituality,ofnobletaste,seemstobeeverstrugglingtodominateapassionatetorrentatitsfeet.InthisrespectthereissomesenseinthefactthatitwasthehundredthanniversaryofVoltaire'sdeaththatserved,sotospeak,asanexcuseforthepublicationofthebookasearlyas1878.ForVoltaire,astheoppositeofeveryonewhowroteafterhim,wasaboveallagrandeeoftheintellect;preciselywhatIamalso.ThenameofVoltaireononeofmywritings—thatwasverilyastepforward—inmydirection....Lookingintothisbookalittlemoreclosely,youperceiveapitilessspiritwhoknowsallthesecrethiding-placesinwhichidealsarewonttoskulk—wheretheyfindtheirdungeons,and,asitwere,theirlastrefuge.Withatorchinmyhand,thelightofwhichisnotbyanymeansaflickeringone,Iilluminatethisnetherworldwithbeamsthatcutlikeblades.Itiswar,butwarwithoutpowderandsmoke,withoutwarlikeattitudes,withoutpathosandcontortedlimbs—allthesethingswouldstillbe"idealism."Oneerroraftertheotherisquietlylaiduponice;theidealisnotrefuted,—itfreezes.Here,forinstance,"genius"freezes;roundthecornerthe"saint"freezes;underathickiciclethe"hero"freezes;andintheend"faith"itselffreezes.So-called"conviction"andalso"pity"areconsiderablycooled—andalmosteverywherethe"thinginitself"isfreezingtodeath.《人性,太人性了》,连同它的两部续作,是危机的纪念碑。它被称为一本为自由精神而写的书:几乎每一句话都是胜利的表现——通过这本书,我清除了自己身上一切不符合本性的东西。理想主义对我来说是陌生的:这本书的标题意味着“你们看到理想的地方,我看到的是——人类啊,唉!太人性了!”……我对人了解得更多。在这本书里,“自由精神”这个词不能被理解为别的,只能是一个重新获得自由、再次掌控自己的精神。我的语气,我的声音,已经完全改变了;这本书会被认为是聪明的、冷静的,有时既强硬又轻蔑的。某种高贵品味的精神似乎一直在努力支配着脚下的激情洪流。就这方面而言,在1878年,伏尔泰去世一百周年这个事实可以说为这本书的出版提供了借口,这并非没有道理。因为伏尔泰,作为所有后来作家的对立面,首先是一位伟大的智者;这正是我也想成为的样子。我的某篇著作上有伏尔泰的名字——那确实是一个进步——向着我的方向前进……更仔细地审视这本书,你会发现一个毫不留情的精神,他知道所有理想通常潜藏的秘密角落——它们的牢笼,以及它们仿佛最后的避难所。我手持火炬,其光芒绝非微弱,用刀般锋利的光线照亮了这个地下世界。这是战争,但没有火药和硝烟,没有战争的姿态,没有激情和扭曲的身体——所有这些仍然是“理想主义”。一个又一个错误被悄悄冻结;理想并未被反驳——它只是冻结了。比如,“天才”冻结了;转角处,“圣人”冻结了;在厚厚的冰锥下,“英雄”冻结了;最终,“信仰”本身也在死亡冻结中。所谓的“信念”和“怜悯”也大大冷却了——几乎到处都能看到“自在之物”正在冻死。22ThisbookwasbegunduringthefirstmusicalfestivalatBayreuth;afeelingofprofoundstrangenesstowardseverythingthatsurroundedmethere,isoneofitsfirstconditions.Hewhohasanynotionofthevisionswhichevenatthattimehadflittedacrossmypath,willbeabletoguesswhatIfeltwhenonedayIcametomysensesinBayreuth.ItwasjustasifIhadbeendreaming.WhereonearthwasI?IrecognisednothingthatIsaw;IscarcelyrecognisedWagner.ItwasinvainthatIcalledupreminiscences.Tribschen—remoteislandofbliss:nottheshadowofaresemblance!Theincomparabledaysdevotedtothelayingofthefirststone,thesmallgroupoftheinitiatedwhocelebratedthem,andwhowerefarfromlackingfingersforthehandlingofdelicatethings:nottheshadowofaresemblance!Whathadhappened?—WagnerhadbeentranslatedintoGerman!TheWagneritehadbecomemasterofWagner!—Germanart!theGermanmaster!Germanbeer!...Wewhoknowonlytoowellthekindofrefinedartistsandcosmopolitanismintaste,towhichaloneWagner'sartcanappeal,werebesideourselvesatthesightofWagnerbedeckedwithGermanvirtues.IthinkIknowtheWagnerite,Ihaveexperiencedthreegenerationsofthem,fromBrendelofblessedmemory,whoconfoundedWagnerwithHegel,tothe"idealists"oftheBayreuthGazette,whoconfoundWagnerwiththemselves,—IhavebeentherecipientofeverykindofconfessionaboutWagner,from"beautifulsouls."MykingdomforjustoneintelligentwordI—Inverytruth,ablood-curdlingcompany!Nohl,Pohl,andKohl[1]andothersoftheirkidneytoinfinity!Therewasnotasingleabortionthatwaslackingamongthem—no,noteventheanti-Semite.—PoorWagner!Intowhosehandshadhefallen?Ifonlyhehadgoneintoaherdofswine!ButamongGermans!Someday,fortheedificationofposterity,oneoughtreallytohaveagenuineBayreuthianstuffed,or,betterstill,preservedinspirit,—foritispreciselyspiritthatislackinginthisquarter,—withthisinscriptionatthefootofthejar:"Asampleofthespiritwhereonthe'GermanEmpire'wasfounded."...Butenough!InthemiddleofthefestivitiesIsuddenlypackedmytrunkandlefttheplaceforafewweeks,despitethefactthatacharmingParisianladysoughttocomfortme;IexcusedmyselftoWagnersimplybymeansofafatalistictelegram.InalittlespotcalledKlingenbrunn,deeplyburiedintherecessesoftheBohmerwald,IcarriedmymelancholyandmycontemptofGermansaboutwithmelikeanillness—and,fromtimetotime,underthegeneraltitleof"ThePlough-share,"Iwroteasentenceortwodowninmynote-book,nothingbutseverepsychologicalstuff,whichitispossiblemayhavefounditswayintoHuman,all-too-Human.这本书是在拜罗伊特第一届音乐节期间开始创作的;在那里,我对周围的一切感到一种深深的陌生感,这是这本书的条件之一。如果你对那时已经在我眼前飘过的幻觉有任何概念,你就能猜到当我有一天在拜罗伊特醒来时的感受。这就像我做了一场梦。我到底在哪里?我看到的一切我都认不出来;我几乎认不出瓦格纳。我努力回忆往事,但毫无用处。特里布申——幸福的避风港:没有一丝相似之处!那些用于奠定第一块基石的日子是无可比拟的,那小群被选中的庆祝者们,他们远非缺乏处理精致事物的能力:没有一丝相似之处!发生了什么?——瓦格纳已经被翻译成德语了!瓦格纳迷已经成了瓦格纳的主人!——德国艺术!德国大师!德国啤酒!……我们这些非常清楚只有瓦格纳的艺术才能吸引的那种精致艺术家和世界主义品味的人,在看到被赋予德国美德的瓦格纳时完全疯了。我认为我了解瓦格纳迷,我经历了三代人,从令人怀念的布伦德尔开始,他把瓦格纳和黑格尔混为一谈,到拜罗伊特公报的“理想主义者”,他们把瓦格纳和自己混为一谈——我收到了各种各样的关于瓦格纳的坦白,来自“美好的灵魂”。我愿意付出我的王国,仅仅为了得到一个明智的词!——确实,令人毛骨悚然的群体!诺尔、波尔和科尔[1]以及他们的同类无穷无尽!他们之中没有任何一个畸形儿缺席——不,甚至没有反犹太主义者。可怜的瓦格纳!他落入了谁的手中?要是他进入了猪群就好了!但是德国人!总有一天,为了给后代以启迪,真的应该制作一个真正的拜罗伊特人的标本,或者更好的是,用酒精保存下来——因为这一地区正是缺乏精神——并在罐子底部写上这样的铭文:“‘德意志帝国’建立所依赖的精神样本。”……够了!在节庆的中间,我突然收拾行李离开了这个地方几周,尽管一位迷人的巴黎女士试图安慰我;我通过一条宿命论的电报向瓦格纳道歉。在一个叫做克林根布鲁恩的小地方,深埋在波赫梅尔森林的深处,我带着我的忧郁和对德国人的蔑视四处游荡——并且时不时地,在一个总标题为“犁铧”的情况下,我在笔记本上写下一两句话,只是些严厉的心理学内容,它们有可能已经进入了《善恶的彼岸》。33Thatwhichhadtakenplaceinme,then,wasnotonlyabreachwithWagner—Iwassufferingfromageneralaberrationofmyinstincts,ofwhichamereisolatedblunder,whetheritwereWagnerormyprofessorshipatBâle,wasnothingmorethanasymptom.Iwasseizedwithafitofimpatiencewithmyself;IsawthatitwashightimethatIshouldturnmythoughtsuponmyownlot.InatriceIrealised,withappallingclearness,howmuchtimehadalreadybeensquandered—howfutileandhowsenselessmywholeexistenceasaphilologistappearedbythesideofmylife-task.Iwasashamedofthisfalsemodesty....Tenyearswerebehindme,duringwhich,totellthetruth,thenourishmentofmyspirithadbeenatastandstill,duringwhichIhadaddednotasingleusefulfragmenttomyknowledge,andhadforgottencountlessthingsinthepursuitofahotch-potchofdry-as-dustscholarship.Tocrawlwithmeticulouscareandshort-sightedeyesthrougholdGreekmetricians—thatiswhatIhadcometo!...MovedtopityIsawmyselfquitethin,quiteemaciated:realitieswereonlytooplainlyabsentfrommystockofknowledge,andwhatthe"idealities"wereworththedevilaloneknew!Apositivelyburningthirstovercameme:andfromthattimeforwardIhavedoneliterallynothingelsethanstudyphysiology,medicine,andnaturalscience—Ievenreturnedtotheactualstudyofhistoryonlywhenmylife-taskcompelledmeto.Itwasatthattime,too,thatIfirstdivinedtherelationbetweenaninstinctivelyrepulsiveoccupation,aso-calledvocation,whichisthelastthingtowhichoneis"called"andthatneedoflullingafeelingofemptinessandhunger,bymeansofanartwhichisanarcotic—bymeansofWagner'sart,forinstance.Afterlookingcarefullyaboutme,Ihavediscoveredthatalargenumberofyoungmenareallinthesamestateofdistress:onekindofunnaturalpracticeperforceleadstoanother.InGermany,orrather,toavoidallambiguity,intheEmpire,[2]onlytoomanyarecondemnedtodeterminetheirchoicetoosoon,andthentopineawaybeneathaburdenthattheycannolongerthrowoff....SuchcreaturescraveforWagnerasforanopiate,—theyarethusabletoforgetthemselves,toberidofthemselvesforamoment....WhatamIsaying!—forfiveorsixhours.在我身上发生的事情,不仅仅是与瓦格纳决裂——我的本能普遍出现了偏差,而这种偏差的一个孤立的错误,无论是瓦格纳还是我在巴塞尔的教授职位,都只不过是症状而已。我对自己感到一阵不耐烦;我意识到是时候认真思考一下自己的命运了。刹那间,我以令人震惊的清晰度意识到,已经浪费了多少时间——相比之下,作为一名语言学家的整个存在显得多么徒劳和无意义。我为自己这种虚伪的谦逊感到羞愧……十年过去了,在这十年里,说实话,我的精神食粮停滞不前,我没有为我的知识增添任何有用的片段,反而在追求一堆枯燥乏味的学问的过程中忘记了无数东西。爬行般仔细地用短视的目光研究古希腊韵律学家——这就是我所做到的!……怀着怜悯的心情,我看到自己非常瘦弱、非常憔悴:我的知识库存中现实的东西明显不足,至于那些“理想化”的东西究竟有何价值,只有魔鬼知道!一种强烈的渴望向我袭来:从那时起,我所做的唯一一件事就是学习生理学、医学和自然科学——甚至直到我的人生使命迫使我去重新学习历史。也正是在这个时候,我才第一次隐约察觉到一种本能上令人厌恶的职业与一种需要通过艺术来麻痹空虚感和饥饿感之间的关系——比如瓦格纳的艺术。仔细观察周围后,我发现许多年轻人处于同样的困境之中:一种不自然的行为必然会导致另一种。在德国,或者更确切地说,在帝国[2],有太多人被迫过早地做出选择,然后在无法摆脱的重压下日渐消瘦……这些人像渴求麻醉剂一样渴求瓦格纳的作品——他们因此能够暂时忘记自我,摆脱自我……我在说什么啊!——长达五到六个小时。44Atthistimemyinstinctsturnedresolutelyagainstanyfurtheryieldingorfollowingonmypart,andanyfurthermisunderstandingofmyself.Everykindoflife,themostunfavourablecircumstances,illness,poverty—anythingseemedtomepreferabletothatundignified"selfishness"intowhichIhadfallen;inthefirstplace,thankstomyignoranceandyouth,andinwhichIhadafterwardsremainedowingtolaziness—theso-called"senseofduty."Atthisjuncturetherecametomyhelp,inawaythatIcannotsufficientlyadmire,andpreciselyattherighttime,thatevilheritagewhichIderivefrommyfather'ssideofthefamily,andwhich,atbottom,isnomorethanapredispositiontodieyoung.Illnessslowlyliberatedmefromthetoils,itsparedmeanysortofsuddenbreach,anysortofviolentandoffensivestep.AtthattimeIlostnotaparticleofthegoodwillofothers,butratheraddedtomystore.Illnesslikewisegavemetherightcompletelytoreversemymodeoflife;itnotonlyallowed,itactuallycommanded,metoforget;itbestoweduponmethenecessityoflyingstill,ofhavingleisure,ofwaiting,andofexercisingpatience....Butallthismeansthinking!...Thestateofmyeyesaloneputanendtoallbook-wormishness,or,inplainEnglish—philology:Iwasthusdeliveredfrombooks;foryearsIceasedfromreading,andthiswasthegreatestboonIeverconferreduponmyself!Thatnethermostself,whichwas,asitwere,entombed,andwhichhadgrowndumbbecauseithadbeenforcedtolistenperpetuallytootherselves(forthatiswhatreadingmeans!),slowlyawakened;atfirstitwasshyanddoubtful,butatlastitspokeagainNeverhaveIrejoicedmoreovermyconditionthanduringthesickestandmostpainfulmomentsofmylife.YouhaveonlytoexamineTheDawnofDay,or,perhaps,TheWandererandhisShadow,[3]inordertounderstandwhatthis"returntomyself"actuallymeant:initselfitwasthehighestkindofrecovery!...Mycurewassimplytheresultofit.这时,我的本能坚定地反对任何进一步的妥协或顺从,也反对对我自己的任何进一步误解。任何种类的生活,最不利的环境、疾病、贫穷——在我看来,任何事情都比那种不体面的“自私”更可取,这种“自私”最初是因为我的无知和年轻而陷入的,在后来则是由于懒惰——所谓的“责任感”。在这个关键时刻,我得到了帮助,这种帮助的方式是我无法充分赞赏的,并且恰恰是在合适的时间,那就是我从家族父亲这一边继承的不良遗产,本质上不过是一种早逝的倾向。疾病慢慢地使我摆脱了束缚,它避免了任何突然的决裂,任何激烈和冒犯性的步骤。当时我没有失去任何人的善意,反而增加了我的储备。疾病同样给了我完全逆转生活方式的权利;它不仅允许,而且实际上命令我忘记;它赋予我静卧、闲暇、等待和耐心的必要性……但所有这些意味着思考!……仅我的眼睛状况就结束了所有的书呆子气,或者换句话说——语言学:因此我摆脱了书籍;多年以来我停止了阅读,这是我给予自己最大的恩惠!那个最底层的自我,仿佛被埋葬了,因为它被迫永远倾听其他自我(因为这就是阅读的意义!),慢慢苏醒过来;起初它害羞且犹豫,但最终又开始说话了。在我的生命中最痛苦和最痛苦的时刻,我从未像现在这样对自己的处境感到如此喜悦。你只需考察一下《正午之前》或《漫游者和他的影子》,[3]就能理解这个“回归自我”到底意味着什么:本身它就是最高层次的康复!……我的痊愈只是它的结果。55Human,all-too-Human,thismonumentofacourseofvigorousself-discipline,bymeansofwhichIputanabruptendtoallthe"SuperiorBunkum,""Idealism,""BeautifulFeelings,"andothereffeminaciesthathadpercolatedintomybeing,waswrittenprincipallyinSorrento;itwasfinishedandgivendefiniteshapeduringawinteratBâle,underconditionsfarlessfavourablethanthoseinSorrento.Truthtotell,itwasPeterGast,atthattimeastudentattheUniversityofBâle,andadevotedfriendofmine,whowasresponsibleforthebook.Withmyheadwrappedinbandages,andextremelypainful,Idictatedwhilehewroteandcorrectedashewentalong—tobeaccurate,hewastherealcomposer,whereasIwasonlytheauthor.Whenthecompletedbookultimatelyreachedme,—tothegreatsurpriseoftheseriousinvalidIthenwas,—Isent,amongothers,twocopiestoBayreuth.Thankstoamiraculousflashofintelligenceonthepartofchance,therereachedmepreciselyatthesametimeasplendidcopyoftheParsifaltext,withthefollowinginscriptionfromWagner'spen:"TohisdearfriendFriedrichNietzsche,fromRichardWagner,EcclesiasticalCouncillor."AtthiscrossingofthetwobooksIseemedtohearanominousnote.Diditnotsoundasiftwoswordshadcrossed?Atalleventswebothfeltthiswasso,foreachofusremainedsilent.AtaboutthistimethefirstBayreuthPamphletsappeared:andIthenunderstoodthemoveonmypartforwhichitwashightime.Incredible!Wagnerhadbecomepious.人啊,非常的人啊,这座通过强烈自我约束而建成的纪念碑,标志着我彻底终结了所有“高贵的胡言乱语”、“理想主义”、“美好的情感”以及其他渗透到我内心的柔弱之物。这本书主要是在索伦托写成的;在巴塞尔的一个冬天,它被最终完成并赋予了明确的形式,但条件远不如在索伦托时那么有利。说实话,这本书是由当时巴塞尔大学的学生、我的忠实朋友彼得·加斯特负责的。我的头缠着绷带,疼痛难忍,于是我口述内容,他一边书写一边校正——准确地说,他是真正的创作者,而我只是作者。当这本书最终传到我手中时——这对当时的我这个严肃的病人来说真是个巨大的惊喜——我寄出了两份副本给拜罗伊特。多亏了偶然事件中那令人惊叹的一闪灵光,我恰好在同一时间收到了一本精美的《帕西法尔》文本,并附有瓦格纳亲笔题写的献词:“献给我亲爱的朋友弗里德里希·尼采,理查德·瓦格纳,教会参事。”这两本书的交汇让我似乎听到了一个不祥的声音。难道这不像是两把剑交叉了吗?无论如何,我们都感受到了这一点,因为我们各自都沉默了。大约在这个时候,第一批拜罗伊特小册子出现了:然后我才明白了我该采取行动的时候到了。难以置信!瓦格纳竟然变得虔诚起来了。66Myattitudetomyselfatthattime(1876),andtheunearthlycertitudewithwhichIgraspedmylife-taskandallitsworld-historicconsequences,iswellrevealedthroughoutthebook,butmoreparticularlyinoneverysignificantpassage,despitethefactthat,withmyinstinctivecunning,Ioncemorecircumventedtheuseofthelittleword"I,"—nothowever,thistime,inordertoshedworld-historicgloryonthenamesofSchopenhauerandWagner,butonthatofanotherofmyfriends,theexcellentDr.PaulRée—fortunatelymuchtooacuteacreaturetobedeceived—otherswerelesssubtle.AmongmyreadersIhaveanumberofhopelesspeople,thetypicalGermanprofessorforinstance,whocanalwaysberecognisedfromthefactthat,judgingfromthepassageinquestion,hefeelscompelledtoregardthewholebookasasortofsuperiorRealism.Asamatteroffactitcontradictsfiveorsixofmyfriend'sutterances:onlyreadtheintroductiontoTheGenealogyofMoralsonthisquestion.—Thepassageabovereferredtoreads:"What,afterall,istheprincipalaxiomtowhichtheboldestandcoldestthinker,theauthorofthebook"OntheOriginofMoralSensations"(readNietzsche,thefirstImmoralist),"hasattainedbymeansofhisincisiveanddecisiveanalysisofhumanactions?'Themoralman,'hesaysisnonearertotheintelligible(metaphysical)worldthanisthephysicalman,forthereisnointelligibleworld.'Thistheory,hardenedandsharpenedunderthehammer-blowofhistoricalknowledge"(readTheTransvaluationofallValues),"maysometimeorother,perhapsinsomefutureperiod,—1890!—serveastheaxewhichisappliedtotherootofthe'metaphysicalneed'ofman,—whethermoreasablessingthanacursetothegeneralwelfareitisnoteasytosay;butinanycaseasatheorywiththemostimportantconsequences,atoncefruitfulandterrible,andlookingintotheworldwiththatJanus-facewhichallgreatknowledgepossesses."[4]我当时的态度(1876年),以及我对自己的人生使命及其世界历史后果所抱有的超自然的确定性,在整本书中都有很好的体现,但在一个非常重要的段落中尤为突出,尽管我再次巧妙地避免使用了那个小词“我”,——不是为了给叔本华和瓦格纳的名字增添世界历史的荣耀,而是为了给另一位朋友,杰出的保罗·李博士增添荣耀——幸运的是,他是一个足够敏锐的人,不会被欺骗——其他人则不那么微妙。在我的读者中有不少绝望的人,比如典型的德国教授,他们总是可以通过那段话来识别,因为根据那段话,他觉得被迫将整本书视为一种高级现实主义。事实上,它违背了我的几位朋友的言论:只要阅读《道德的谱系》的导言就能明白这一点。——上面提到的那段话是这样说的:“毕竟,最勇敢和最冷静的思想家,即《道德感觉的起源》一书的作者(读尼采,第一位不道德主义者)通过他对人类行为的尖锐而决定性的分析,达到了什么主要公理?‘道德人’,他说,与物理人一样,并不比物理人更接近于可理解(形而上学)的世界,因为没有可理解的世界。’这一理论,在历史知识的锤击下变得更加坚定和锋利”(读《一切价值的重估》),“也许在未来的某个时期——1890年!——它将成为砍向‘形而上学需求’根部的斧头,——究竟是作为对大众福利的祝福还是诅咒,很难说;但在任何情况下,它都是一个具有最重要后果的理论,既富有成果又可怕,而且像所有伟大的知识一样,它有着双面性的目光。”[4][1]NohlandPohlwerebothwritersonmusic;Kohl,however,whichliterallymeanscabbage,isaslangexpression,denotingsuperiornonsense.—TR.[1]诺尔和波尔都是音乐作家;而“科尔”,字面意思是卷心菜,是一个俚语表达,表示高人一等的胡说八道。—TR。[2]Needlesstosay,NietzschedistinguishesbetweenBismarckianGermanyandthatotherGermany—Austria,Switzerland,andtheBalticProvinces—wheretheGermanlanguageisalsospoken.—TR.[2]不用说,尼采区分了俾斯麦德国和另一个德国——奥地利、瑞士以及波罗的海省份——在那里德语也被使用。——译者注[3]Human,all-too-Human,PartII.inthisedition.—TR.[3]超人,太过于人的,第二部分。在此版本中。——译者[4]Human,all-too-Human,vol.i.Aph.37.[4]《人性,太人性了》,卷一,格言37。

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