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Onemightraisethequestion，whywomandoesnotdifferfromman
inspecies，whenfemaleandmalearecontraryandtheirdifference
isacontrariety；andwhyafemaleandamaleanimalarenotdifferent
inspecies，thoughthisdifferencebelongstoanimalinvirtueof
itsownnature，andnotaspalenessordarknessdoes；both’female’
and’male’belongtoitquaanimal。Thisquestionisalmostthesame
astheother，whyonecontrarietymakesthingsdifferentinspecies
andanotherdoesnot，e。g。’withfeet’and’withwings’do，but
palenessanddarknessdonot。Perhapsitisbecausetheformerare
modificationspeculiartothegenus，andthelatterarelessso。And
sinceoneelementisdefinitionandoneismatter，contrarietieswhich
areinthedefinitionmakeadifferenceinspecies，butthosewhich
areinthethingtakenasincludingitsmatterdonotmakeone。Andso
palenessinaman，ordarkness，doesnotmakeone，noristherea
differenceinspeciesbetweenthepalemanandthedarkman，not
evenifeachofthembedenotedbyoneword。Formanisherebeing
consideredonhismaterialside，andmatterdoesnotcreatea
difference；foritdoesnotmakeindividualmenspeciesofman，though
thefleshandthebonesofwhichthismanandthatmanconsistare
other。Theconcretethingisother，butnototherinspecies，
becauseinthedefinitionthereisnocontrariety。Thisisthe
ultimateindivisiblekind。Calliasisdefinition+matter，thepale
man，then，issoalso，becauseitistheindividualCalliasthatis
pale；man，then，ispaleonlyincidentally。Neitherdoabrazenand
awoodencircle，then，differinspecies；andifabrazentriangleand
awoodencircledifferinspecies，itisnotbecauseofthematter，
butbecausethereisacontrarietyinthedefinition。Butdoesthe
matternotmakethingsotherinspecies，whenitisotherinacertain
way，oristhereasenseinwhichitdoes？Forwhyisthishorseother
thanthismaninspecies，althoughtheirmatterisincludedwiththeir
definitions？Doubtlessbecausethereisacontrarietyinthe
definition。Forwhilethereisacontrarietyalsobetweenpalemanand
darkhorse，anditisacontrarietyinspecies，itdoesnotdepend
onthepalenessoftheoneandthedarknessoftheother，sinceeven
ifbothhadbeenpale，yettheywouldhavebeenotherinspecies。
Butmaleandfemale，whiletheyaremodificationspeculiarto
’animal’，aresonotinvirtueofitsessencebutinthematter，ie。
thebody。Thisiswhythesameseedbecomesfemaleormalebybeing
actedoninacertainway。Wehavestated，then，whatitistobe
otherinspecies，andwhysomethingsdifferinspeciesandothers
donot。
Sincecontrariesareotherinform，andtheperishableandthe
imperishablearecontraries(forprivationisadeterminate
incapacity)，theperishableandtheimperishablemustbedifferent
inkind。
Nowsofarwehavespokenofthegeneraltermsthemselves，sothat
itmightbethoughtnottobenecessarythateveryimperishable
thingshouldbedifferentfromeveryperishablethinginform，justas
noteverypalethingisdifferentinformfromeverydarkthing。For
thesamethingcanbeboth，andevenatthesametimeifitisa
universal(e。g。mancanbebothpaleanddark)，andifitisan
individualitcanstillbeboth；forthesamemancanbe，thoughnot
atthesametime，paleanddark。Yetpaleiscontrarytodark。
Butwhilesomecontrariesbelongtocertainthingsbyaccident
(e。g。boththosenowmentionedandmanyothers)，otherscannot，and
amongtheseare’perishable’and’imperishable’。Fornothingisby
accidentperishable。Forwhatisaccidentaliscapableofnotbeing
present，butperishablenessisoneoftheattributesthatbelongof
necessitytothethingstowhichtheybelong；orelseoneandthesame
thingmaybeperishableandimperishable，ifperishablenessiscapable
ofnotbelongingtoit。Perishablenessthenmusteitherbetheessence
orbepresentintheessenceofeachperishablething。Thesame
accountholdsgoodforimperishablenessalso；forbothare
attributeswhicharepresentofnecessity。Thecharacteristics，
then，inrespectofwhichandindirectconsequenceofwhichonething
isperishableandanotherimperishable，areopposite，sothatthe
thingsmustbedifferentinkind。
Evidently，then，therecannotbeFormssuchassomemaintain，
forthenonemanwouldbeperishableandanotherimperishable。Yetthe
Formsaresaidtobethesameinformwiththeindividualsandnot
