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Itisclearalsothatthesoulistheprimarysubstanceandthe
bodyismatter，andmanoranimalisthecompoundofbothtaken
universally；and’Socrates’or’Coriscus’，ifeventhesoulof
SocratesmaybecalledSocrates，hastwomeanings(forsomemeanby
suchatermthesoul，andothersmeantheconcretething)，butif
’Socrates’or’Coriscus’meanssimplythisparticularsoulandthis
particularbody，theindividualisanalogoustotheuniversalinits
composition。
Whetherthereis，apartfromthematterofsuchsubstances，
anotherkindofmatter，andoneshouldlookforsomesubstanceother
thanthese，e。g。numbersorsomethingofthesort，mustbe
consideredlater。Foritisforthesakeofthisthatwearetryingto
determinethenatureofperceptiblesubstancesaswell，sinceina
sensetheinquiryaboutperceptiblesubstancesistheworkofphysics，
i。e。ofsecondphilosophy；forthephysicistmustcometoknownot
onlyaboutthematter，butalsoaboutthesubstanceexpressedinthe
formula，andevenmorethanabouttheother。Andinthecaseof
definitions，howtheelementsintheformulaarepartsofthe
definition，andwhythedefinitionisoneformula(forclearlythe
thingisone，butinvirtueofwhatisthethingone，althoughit
hasparts？)，-thismustbeconsideredlater。
Whattheessenceisandinwhatsenseitisindependent，has
beenstateduniversallyinawaywhichistrueofeverycase，andalso
whytheformulaoftheessenceofsomethingscontainsthepartsof
thethingdefined，whilethatofothersdoesnot。Andwehavestated
thatintheformulaofthesubstancethematerialpartswillnotbe
present(fortheyarenotevenpartsofthesubstanceinthatsense，
butoftheconcretesubstance；butofthisthereisinasensea
formula，andinasensethereisnot；forthereisnoformulaofit
withitsmatter，forthisisindefinite，butthereisaformulaof
itwithreferencetoitsprimarysubstance-e。g。inthecaseofmanthe
formulaofthesoul-，forthesubstanceistheindwellingform，from
whichandthemattertheso-calledconcretesubstanceisderived；e。g。
concavityisaformofthissort，forfromthisandthenosearise
’snubnose’and’snubness’)；butintheconcretesubstance，e。g。a
snubnoseorCallias，thematteralsowillbepresent。Andwehave
statedthattheessenceandthethingitselfareinsomecasesthe
same；ie。inthecaseofprimarysubstances，e。g。curvatureandthe
essenceofcurvatureifthisisprimary。(Bya’primary’substanceI
meanonewhichdoesnotimplythepresenceofsomethinginsomething
else，i。e。insomethingthatunderliesitwhichactsasmatter。)But
thingswhichareofthenatureofmatter，orofwholesthatinclude
matter，arenotthesameastheiressences，norareaccidentalunities
likethatof’Socrates’and’musical’；forthesearethesameonly
byaccident。
Nowletustreatfirstofdefinition，insofaraswehavenot
treatedofitintheAnalytics；fortheproblemstatedinthemis
usefulforourinquiriesconcerningsubstance。Imeanthis
problem:-whereincanconsisttheunityofthat，theformulaofwhich
wecalladefinition，asforinstance，inthecaseofman，’two-footed
animal’；forletthisbetheformulaofman。Why，then，isthisone，
andnotmany，viz。’animal’and’two-footed’？Forinthecaseof’man’
and’pale’thereisapluralitywhenonetermdoesnotbelongtothe
other，butaunitywhenitdoesbelongandthesubject，man，hasa
certainattribute；forthenaunityisproducedandwehave’the
paleman’。Inthepresentcase，ontheotherhand，onedoesnot
shareintheother；thegenusisnotthoughttoshareinits
differentiae(forthenthesamethingwouldshareincontraries；for
thedifferentiaebywhichthegenusisdividedarecontrary)。Andeven
ifthegenusdoesshareinthem，thesameargumentapplies，since
thedifferentiaepresentinmanaremany，e。g。endowedwithfeet，
two-footed，featherless。Whyaretheseoneandnotmany？Notbecause
theyarepresentinonething；foronthisprincipleaunitycanbe
