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Orhas’definition’，like’whatathingis’，severalmeanings？
’Whatathingis’inonesensemeanssubstanceandthe’this’，in
anotheroneorotherofthepredicates，quantity，quality，andthe
like。Foras’is’belongstoallthings，nothoweverinthesame
sense，buttoonesortofthingprimarilyandtoothersinasecondary
way，sotoo’whatathingis’belongsinthesimplesenseto
substance，butinalimitedsensetotheothercategories。Forevenof
aqualitywemightaskwhatitis，sothatqualityalsoisa’whata
thingis’，-notinthesimplesense，however，butjustas，inthe
caseofthatwhichisnot，somesay，emphasizingthelinguistic
form，thatthatiswhichisnotis-notissimply，butisnon-existent；
sotoowithquality。
Wemustnodoubtinquirehowweshouldexpressourselvesoneach
point，butcertainlynotmorethanhowthefactsactuallystand。And
sonowalso，sinceitisevidentwhatlanguageweuse，essencewill
belong，justas’whatathingis’does，primarilyandinthesimple
sensetosubstance，andinasecondarywaytotheothercategories
also，-notessenceinthesimplesense，buttheessenceofaqualityor
ofaquantity。Foritmustbeeitherbyanequivocationthatwesay
theseare，orbyaddingtoandtakingfromthemeaningof’are’(in
thewayinwhichthatwhichisnotknownmaybesaidtobeknown)，-the
truthbeingthatweusethewordneitherambiguouslynorinthesame
sense，butjustasweapplytheword’medical’byvirtueofa
referencetooneandthesamething，notmeaningoneandthesame
thing，noryetspeakingambiguously；forapatientandanoperation
andaninstrumentarecalledmedicalneitherbyanambiguitynor
withasinglemeaning，butwithreferencetoacommonend。Butitdoes
notmatteratallinwhichofthetwowaysonelikestodescribethe
facts；thisisevident，thatdefinitionandessenceintheprimaryand
simplesensebelongtosubstances。Stilltheybelongtootherthings
aswell，onlynotintheprimarysense。Forifwesupposethisitdoes
notfollowthatthereisadefinitionofeverywordwhichmeansthe
sameasanyformula；itmustmeanthesameasaparticularkindof
formula；andthisconditionissatisfiedifitisaformulaof
somethingwhichisone，notbycontinuityliketheIliadorthethings
thatareonebybeingboundtogether，butinoneofthemainsensesof
’one’，whichanswertothesensesof’is’；now’thatwhichis’in
onesensedenotesa’this’，inanotheraquantity，inanothera
quality。Andsotherecanbeaformulaordefinitionevenofwhite
man，butnotinthesenseinwhichthereisadefinitioneitherof
whiteorofasubstance。
Itisadifficultquestion，ifonedeniesthataformulawithan
addeddeterminantisadefinition，whetheranyofthetermsthatare
notsimplebutcoupledwillbedefinable。Forwemustexplainthem
byaddingadeterminant。E。g。thereisthenose，andconcavity，and
snubness，whichiscompoundedoutofthetwobythepresenceofthe
oneintheother，anditisnotbyaccidentthatthenosehasthe
attributeeitherofconcavityorofsnubness，butinvirtueofits
nature；nordotheyattachtoitaswhitenessdoestoCallias，orto
man(becauseCallias，whohappenstobeaman，iswhite)，butas
’male’attachestoanimaland’equal’toquantity，andasall
so-called’attributespropterse’attachtotheirsubjects。Andsuch
attributesarethoseinwhichisinvolvedeithertheformulaorthe
nameofthesubjectoftheparticularattribute，andwhichcannotbe
explainedwithoutthis；e。g。whitecanbeexplainedapartfromman，
butnotfemaleapartfromanimal。Thereforethereiseithernoessence
anddefinitionofanyofthesethings，orifthereis，itisin
anothersense，aswehavesaid。
Butthereisalsoaseconddifficultyaboutthem。Forifsnubnose
andconcavenosearethesameth
