下载辰思小说免费APP
Theoneandthemanyareopposedinseveralways，ofwhichone
istheoppositionoftheoneandpluralityasindivisibleand
divisible；forthatwhichiseitherdividedordivisibleiscalleda
plurality，andthatwhichisindivisibleornotdividediscalledone。
Nowsinceoppositionisoffourkinds，andoneofthesetwotermsis
privativeinmeaning，theymustbecontraries，andneither
contradictorynorcorrelativeinmeaning。Andtheonederivesitsname
anditsexplanationfromitscontrary，theindivisiblefromthe
divisible，becausepluralityandthedivisibleismoreperceptible
thantheindivisible，sothatindefinitionpluralityispriorto
theindivisible，becauseoftheconditionsofperception。
Totheonebelong，asweindicatedgraphicallyinour
distinctionofthecontraries，thesameandthelikeandtheequal，
andtopluralitybelongtheotherandtheunlikeandtheunequal。’The
same’hasseveralmeanings；(1)wesometimesmean’thesame
numerically’；again，(2)wecallathingthesameifitisonebothin
definitionandinnumber，e。g。youareonewithyourselfbothin
formandinmatter；andagain，(3)ifthedefinitionofitsprimary
essenceisone；e。g。equalstraightlinesarethesame，andsoare
equalandequal-angledquadrilaterals；therearemanysuch，butin
theseequalityconstitutesunity。
Thingsarelikeif，notbeingabsolutelythesame，norwithout
differenceinrespectoftheirconcretesubstance，theyarethesame
inform；e。g。thelargersquareislikethesmaller，andunequal
straightlinesarelike；theyarelike，butnotabsolutelythesame。
Otherthingsarelike，if，havingthesameform，andbeingthingsin
whichdifferenceofdegreeispossible，theyhavenodifferenceof
degree。Otherthings，iftheyhaveaqualitythatisinformoneand
same-e。g。whiteness-inagreaterorlessdegree，arecalledlike
becausetheirformisone。Otherthingsarecalledlikeifthe
qualitiestheyhaveincommonaremorenumerousthanthoseinwhich
theydiffer-eitherthequalitiesingeneralortheprominent
qualities；e。g。tinislikesilver，quawhite，andgoldislike
fire，quayellowandred。
Evidently，then，’other’and’unlike’alsohaveseveral
meanings。Andtheotherinonesenseistheoppositeofthesame(so
thateverythingiseitherthesameasorotherthaneverything
else)。Inanothersensethingsareotherunlessboththeirmatter
andtheirdefinitionareone(sothatyouareotherthanyour
neighbour)。Theotherinthethirdsenseisexemplifiedintheobjects
ofmathematics。’Otherorthesame’canthereforebepredicatedof
everythingwithregardtoeverythingelse-butonlyifthethingsare
oneandexistent，for’other’isnotthecontradictoryof’the
same’；whichiswhyitisnotpredicatedofnon-existentthings(while
’notthesame’issopredicated)。Itispredicatedofallexisting
things；foreverythingthatisexistentandoneisbyitsvery
natureeitheroneornotonewithanythingelse。
Theother，then，andthesamearethusopposed。Butdifference
isnotthesameasotherness。Fortheotherandthatwhichitisother
thanneednotbeotherinsomedefiniterespect(foreverythingthat
isexistentiseitherotherorthesame)，butthatwhichis
differentisdifferentfromsomeparticularthinginsomeparticular
respect，sothattheremustbesomethingidenticalwherebythey
differ。Andthisidenticalthingisgenusorspecies；foreverything
thatdiffersdifferseitheringenusorinspecies，ingenusifthe
thingshavenottheirmatterincommonandarenotgeneratedoutof
eachother(i。e。iftheybelongtodifferentfiguresof
predication)，andinspeciesiftheyhavethesamegenus(’genus’
meaningthatidenticalthingwhichisessentiallypredicatedofboth
thedifferentthings)。
Contrariesaredifferent，andcontrarietyisakindofdifference。
Thatwearerightinthissuppositionisshownbyinduction。Forall
ofthesetooareseentobedifferent；theyarenotmerelyother，
butsomeareotheringenus，andothersareinthesamelineof
predication，andthereforeinthesamegenus，andthesameingenus。
Wehavedistinguishedelsewherewhatsortofthingsarethesameor
otheringenus。
Sincethingswhichdiffermaydifferfromoneanothermoreor
less，thereisalsoagreatestdifference，andthisIcall
contrariety。Thatcontrarietyisthegreatestdifferenceismadeclear
byind
