第32章

72。Ibid。，p。135，M’Cullochadmitsthepossibilitythatamanmayjudgehisowninterestswrongly，butthinksthathiswillnothappeninonecaseoutoftwenty(Ibid。，p。

15)。

73。SeeTorrens’sProductionofWealth，p。208；andM’Culloch’sPoliticalEconomy(1843)，p。294，whereheadmitsmoreexceptions。

74。ExternalCorn-Trade，p。87，etc。

75。PoliticalEconomy(secondedition)，pp。21，22。

76。Ibid。，p。67。

77。PoliticalEconomy(1925)，p。329。

78。ProductionofWealth，p。34，etc。

79。PoliticalEconomy(1825)，p。318。

80。Mill’sPoliticalEconomy(secondedition)，p。102；M’Culloch’sPoliticalEconomy(1825)，pp。289-291。

81。M’Culloch’sPoliticalEconomy，p。290。

82。PrefacetoExternalCorn-trade。

83。Ibid。，p。95。

84。PoliticalEconomy(1825)，pp。313-18。Thisargumentdisappearsinlatereditions。

85。Ibid。，p。217。

86。PoliticalEconomy，p。221。DeQuinceymakesagreatpointofthisdoctrine，ofwhichitisnotworthwhiletoexaminethemeaning。

87。PoliticalEconomy，p。221n。

88。Ibid。，p。336。

89。Ibid。，p。337。

90。’EssayuponthecircumstanceswhichdeterminetheRateofWages。’(1826)，p。113。ThiswaswrittenforConstable’sMiscellany，andismainlyrepetitionfromthePoliticalEconomy。Itwasrepublished，withalterations，in1851。

91。PoliticalEconomy，pp。359-61。

92。Ibid。，(1843)，p。178。

AndseehisremarksontheunfavourablesideoftheFactorySystem，p。

186seq。

93。’Wherevertwopersonshavethemeansofsubsisting，’ashequaintlyobserves，’amarriageinvariablytakesplace。’(PoliticalEconomy，p。154)。

94。PoliticalEconomy，p。206。

95。PoliticalEconomy，p。344。

96。Ibid。，pp。349-52。

97。Seepamphletontherateofwages，pp。178-204。

98。Tooke’sThoughtsandDetailsontheHighandLowPricesofthelastThirtyYearsappearedin1823(secondedition1824)。ThiswasrewrittenandembodiedintheHistoryofPrices，thefirsttwovolumesofwhichappearedin1838。Fourlatervolumesappearedin1839，1848，and1857。

99。ThepopularviewisgivenbySouthey。TheRadicals，hesaysin1923，desirewarbecausetheyexpectittoleadtorevolution。’Inthistheyaregreatlydeceived，foritwouldrestoreagriculturalprosperity，andgiveanewspurtoourmanufactures。’

(SelectionfromSouthey’sLetters，iii，382。SeealsoLifeandCorrespondence，iv，228，286)。

Chapter6：EconomicHereticsI。TheMalthusianControversyTheEconomictheorybecametriumphant。Expoundedfromnewuniversitychairs，summarisedintextbooksforschools，advocatedinthepress，andappliedbyanenergeticpartytosomeofthemostimportantpoliticaldiscussionsoftheday，itclaimedtheadhesionofallenlightenedpersons。Itenjoyedtheprestigeofascientificdoctrine，andthemostpopularretortseemedtobeaninvoluntaryconcessionofitsclaims。Whenopponentsappealedfrom’theorists’topracticalmen，theUtilitariansscornfullysetthemdownasvirtuallyappealingfromreasontoprejudice。Norivaltheoryheldthefield。IfMalthusandRicardodiffered，itwasadifferencebetweenmenwhoacceptedthesamefirstprinciples。

TheybothprofessedtointerpretAdamSmithasthetrueprophet，andrepresenteddifferentshadesofopinionratherthandivergingsects。Therewere，however，symptomsofopposition，which，atthetime，mightbesetdownassimplereluctancetolistentodisagreeabletruths。Inreality，theywereindicationsofadissatisfactionwhichwastobecomeofmoreimportanceandtoleadintimetoamoredecidedrevolt。Imustindicatesomeofthem，thoughtheexpressionsofdissentweresovariousandconfusedthatitisnotveryeasytoreducethemtoorder。

Malthus’sdoctrinewasreallyatthebaseo