第60章

RepresentativesanddirectTaxesshallbeapportionedamongtheseveralStateswhichmaybeincludedwithinthisUnion，accordingtotheirrespectiveNumbers，whichshallbedeterminedbyaddingtothewholeNumberoffreePersons，includingthoseboundtoserviceforaTermofYears，andexcludingIndiansnottaxed，three—fifthsofallotherPersons。TheactualEnumerationshallbemadewithinthreeYearsafterthefirstMeetingoftheCongressoftheUnitedStates，andwithineverysubsequentTermoftenYears，insuchMannerastheyshallbyLawdirect。TheNumberofRepresentativesshallnotexceedoneforeverythirtyThousand，buteachStateshallhaveatLeastoneRepresentative;

anduntilsuchenumerationshallbemade，theStateofNewHampshireshallbeentitledtochoosethree，Massachusetts，eight，Rhode—IslandandProvidencePlantationsone，Connecticutfive，NewYorksix，NewJerseyfour，Pennsylvaniaeight，Delawareone，Marylandsix，Virginiaten，NorthCarolinafive，SouthCarolinafive，andGeorgiathree。

WhenvacancieshappenintheRepresentationfromanyState，theExecutiveAuthoritythereofshallissueWritsofElectiontofillsuchVacancies。

TheHouseofRepresentativesshallchoosetheirSpeakerandotherOfficers;andshallhavethesolePowerofImpeachment。

Section3。TheSenateoftheUnitedStatesshallbecomposedoftwoSenatorsfromeachState，chosenbytheLegislaturethereof，forsixYears;andeachSenatorshallhaveoneVote。

ImmediatelyaftertheyshallbeassembledinConsequenceofthefirstElection，theyshallbedividedasequallyasmaybeintothreeClasses。TheSeatsoftheSenatorsofthefirstClassshallbevacatedattheExpirationofthesecondYear，ofthesecondClassattheexpirationofthefourthYear，andofthethirdClassattheexpirationofthesixthYear，sothatone—thirdmaybechoseneverysecondYear;andifVacancieshappenbyResignation，orotherwise，duringtheRecessoftheLegislatureofanyState，theExecutivethereofmaymaketemporaryAppointmentsuntilthenextMeetingoftheLegislature，whichshallthenfillsuchVacancies。

NopersonshallbeaSenatorwhoshallnothaveattainedtotheAgeofthirtyYears，andbeennineYearsaCitizenoftheUnitedStates，andwhoshallnot，whenelected，beanInhabitantofthatStateforwhichheshallbechosen。

TheVice—PresidentoftheUnitedStatesshallbePresidentoftheSenate，butshallhavenoVote，unlesstheybeequallydivided。TheSenateshallchoosetheirotherOfficers，andalsoaPresidentprotempore，intheAbsenceoftheVice—President，orwhenheshallexercisetheOfficeofPresidentoftheUnitedStates。

TheSenateshallhavethesolepowertotryallImpeachments。WhensittingforthatPurpose，theyshallbeonOathorAffirmation。WhenthePresidentoftheUnitedStatesistried，theChiefJusticeshallpreside:AndnoPersonshallbeconvictedwithouttheConcurrenceoftwo—thirdsoftheMemberspresent。JudgmentincasesofImpeachmentshallnotextendfurtherthantoremovalfromOffice，anddisqualificationtoholdandenjoyanyOfficeofHonor，Trust，orProfitundertheUnitedStates:butthePartyconvictedshallneverthelessbeliableandsubjecttoIndictment，Trial，Judgment，andPunishmentaccordingtoLaw。

Section4。TheTimes，PlacesandMannerofholdingElectionsforSenatorsandRepresentatives，shallbeprescribedineachStatebytheLegislaturethereof;buttheCongressmayatanytimebyLawmakeoraltersuchRegulations，exceptastothePlacesofchoosingSenators。

TheCongressshallassembleatleastonceineveryYear，andsuchMeetingshallbeonthefirstMondayinDecember，unlesstheyshallbyLawappointadifferentDay。

Section5。EachHouseshallbetheJudgeoftheElections，ReturnsandQualificationsofitsownMembers，andaMajorityofeachshallconstituteaQuorumtodoBusiness;butasmallerNumbermayadjournfromdaytoday，andmaybeauthorizedtocompeltheAttendanceofAbsentMembers，insuchManner，andundersuchPenaltiesaseachHousemayprovide。

EachHousemaydeterminetheRulesofitsProceedings，punishitsMembersfordisorderlyBehaviour，and，withaConcurrenceoftwo—thirds，expelaMember。

EachHouseshallkeepaJournalofitsProceedings，andfromtimetotimepublishthesame，exceptingsuchPartsasmayintheirJudgmentrequireSecrecy;andtheYeasandNaysoftheMembersofeitherHouseonanyquestionshall，attheDesireofone—fifthofthosepresent，beenteredontheJournal。

NeitherHouse，duringtheSessionofCongress，shall，withouttheConsentoftheother，adjournformorethanthreedays，nortoanyotherPlacethanthatinwhichthetwoHousesshallbesitting。

Section6。TheSenatorsandRepresentativesshallreceiveaCompensationfortheirServices，tobeascertainedbyLaw，andpaidoutoftheTreasuryoftheUnitedStates。TheyshallinallCases，exceptTreason，Felony，andBreachofthePeace，beprivilegedfromArrestduringtheirattendanceattheSessionoftheirrespectiveHouses，andingoingtoandreturningfromthesame;andforanySpeechorDebateineitherHouse，theyshallnotbequestionedinanyotherPlace。

NoSenatororRepresentativeshall，duringtheTimeforwhichhewaselected，beappointedtoanycivilOfficeundertheAuthorityoftheUnitedStates，whichshallhavebeencreated，ortheEmolumentswhereofshallhavebeenincreasedduringsuchtime;andnoPersonholdinganyOfficeundertheUnitedStates，shallbeaMemberofeitherHouseduringhisContinuanceinOffice。

Section7。AllBillsforRaisingRevenueshalloriginateintheHouseofRepresentatives;buttheSenatemayproposeorconcurwithAmendmentsasonotherBills。

EveryBillwhichshallhavepassedtheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate，shall，beforeitbecomeaLaw，bepresentedtothePresidentoftheUnitedStates;ifheapproveheshallsignit，butifnotheshallreturnit，withhisObjections，tothatHouseinwhichitshallhaveoriginated，whoshallentertheObjectionsatlargeontheirJournal，andproceedtoreconsiderit。IfaftersuchReconsiderationtwo—thirdsofthatHouseshallagreetopasstheBill，itshallbesent，togetherwiththeObjections，totheotherHouse，bywhichitshalllikewisebereconsidered，andifapprovedbytwo—thirdsofthatHouse，itshallbecomeaLaw。ButinallsuchCasestheVotesofbothHousesshallbedeterminedbyYeasandNays，andtheNamesofthePersonsvotingforandagainsttheBillshallbeenteredontheJournalofeachHouserespectively。IfanyBillshallnotbereturnedbythePresidentwithintendays（Sundaysexcepted）

afteritshallhavebeenpresentedtohim，theSameshallbeaLaw，inlikemannerasifhehadsignedit，unlesstheCongressbytheirAdjournmentpreventitsReturn，inwhichCaseitshallnotbeaLaw。

EveryOrder，Resolution，orVotetowhichtheConcurrenceoftheSenateandHouseofRepresentativesmaybenecessary（exceptonaquestionofAdjournment）shallbepresentedtothePresidentoftheUnitedStates;andbeforetheSameshalltakeEffect，shallbeapprovedbyhim，orbeingdisapprovedbyhim，shallberepassedbytwo—thirdsoftheSenateandHouseofRepresentatives，accordingtotheRulesandLimitationsprescribedinthecaseofaBill。

Section8。TheCongressshallhavePowertolayandcollectTaxes，Duties，Imposts，andExcises，topaytheDebtsandprovideforthecommonDefenceandgeneralWelfareoftheUnitedStates;

butallDuties，ImpostsandExcisesshallbeuniformthroughouttheUnitedStates;

ToborrowMoneyonthecreditoftheUnitedStates;

ToregulateCommercewithforeignNations，andamongtheseveralStates，andwiththeIndianTribes;

ToestablishanUniformRuleofNaturalization，anduniformLawsonthesubjectofBankruptciesthroughouttheUnitedStates;

TocoinMoney，regulatetheValuethereof，andofforeignCoin，andfixtheStandardofWeightsandMeasures;

ToprovideforthePunishmentofcounterfeitingtheSecuritiesandcurrentCoinoftheUnitedStates;

ToestablishPostOfficesandPostRoads;

TopromotetheProgressofScienceandusefulArts，bysecuringforlimitedTimestoAuthorsandInventorstheexclusiveRighttotheirrespectiveWritingsandDiscoveries;

ToconstituteTribunalsinferiortotheSupremeCourt;

TodefineandpunishPiraciesandFeloniescommittedonthehighSeas，andOffencesagainsttheLawofNations;

TodeclareWar，grantLettersofMarqueandReprisal，andmakeRulesconcerningCapturesonLandandWater;

ToraiseandsupportArmies，butnoAppropriationofMoneytothatUseshallbeforalongerTermthantwoyears;

ToprovideandmaintainaNavy;

TomakeRulesfortheGovernmentandRegulationofthelandandnavalForces。

ToprovideforcallingforththeMilitiatoexecutetheLawsoftheUnion，suppressInsurrectionsandrepelInvasions。

Toprovidefororganizing，arming，anddisciplining，theMilitia，andforgoverningsuchPartofthemasmaybeemployedintheServiceoftheUnitedStates，reservingtotheStatesrespectively，theAppointmentoftheOfficers，andtheAuthorityoftrainingtheMilitiaaccordingtothedisciplineprescribedbyCongress;

ToexerciseexclusiveLegislationinallCaseswhatsoever，oversuchDistrict（notexceedingtenMilessquare）asmay，byCessionofparticularStates，andtheAcceptanceofCongressbecometheSeatoftheGovernmentoftheUnitedStates，andtoexerciselikeAuthorityoverallPlacespurchasedbytheConsentoftheLegislatureoftheStateinwhichtheSameshallbe，fortheErectionofForts，Magazines，Arsenals，Dock—Yards，andotherneedfulBuildings;—AndTomakeallLawswhichshallbenecessaryandproperforcarryingintoExecutiontheforegoingPowers，andallotherPowersvestedbythisConstitutionintheGovernmentoftheUnitedStates，orinanyDepartmentorOfficerthereof。

Section9。TheMigrationorImportationofsuchPersonsasanyoftheStatesnowexistingshallthinkpropertoadmit，shallnotbeprohibitedbytheCongresspriortotheyearonethousandeighthundredandeight，butataxordutymaybeimposedonsuchImportation，notexceedingtendollarsforeachPerson。

ThePrivilegeoftheWritofHabeasCorpusshallnotbesuspended，unlesswheninCasesofRebellionorInvasionthepublicSafetymayrequireit。

NoBillofAttainderorexpostfactoLawshallbepassed。

NoCapitation，orotherdirectTaxshallbelaid，unlessinProportiontotheCensusorEnumerationhereinbeforedirectedtobetaken。

NoTaxorDutyshallbelaidonArticlesexportedfromanyState。

NopreferenceshallbegivenbyanyRegulationofCommerceorRevenuetothePortsofoneStateoverthoseofanother:norshallVesselsboundto，orfrom，oneState，beobligedtoenter，clear，orpayDutiesinanother。

NoMoneyshallbedrawnfromtheTreasury，butinconsequenceofAppropriationsmadebyLaw;andaregularStatementandAccountoftheReceiptsandExpendituresofallpublicMoneyshallbepublishedfromtimetotime。

NoTitleofNobilityshallbegrantedbytheUnitedStates:

AndnoPersonholdinganyOfficeofProfitorTrustunderthem，shall，withouttheConsentoftheCongress，acceptofanypresent，Emolument，Office，orTitleofanykindwhatever，fromanyKing，Prince，orforeignState。

Section10。NoStateshallenterintoanyTreaty，Alliance，orConfederation;grantLettersofMarqueorReprisal;coinMoney;emitBillsofCredit;makeanyThingbutgoldandsilverCoinaTenderinPaymentofDebts;passanyBillofAttainder，expostfactoLaw，orLawimpairingtheObl