第58章

Champlainlivedawholewinterquitealoneamongthesebarbarians，withoutbeingunderanyalarmforhispersonorproperty。

AppendixE

AlthoughthePuritanicalstrictnesswhichpresidedovertheestablishmentoftheEnglishcoloniesinAmericaisnowmuchrelaxed，remarkabletracesofitarestillfoundintheirhabitsandtheirlaws。In1792，attheverytimewhentheanti—ChristianrepublicofFrancebeganitsephemeralexistence，thelegislativebodyofMassachusettspromulgatedthefollowinglaw，tocompelthecitizenstoobservetheSabbath。Wegivethepreambleandtheprincipalarticlesofthislaw，whichisworthyofthereader’sattention:"Whereas，"saysthelegislator，"theobservationoftheSundayisanaffairofpublicinterest;

inasmuchasitproducesanecessarysuspensionoflabor，leadsmentoreflectuponthedutiesoflife，andtheerrorstowhichhumannatureisliable，andprovidesforthepublicandprivateworshipofGod，thecreatorandgovernoroftheuniverse，andfortheperformanceofsuchactsofcharityasaretheornamentandcomfortofChristiansocieties:—Whereasirreligiousorlight—mindedpersons，forgettingthedutieswhichtheSabbathimposes，andthebenefitswhichthesedutiesconferonsociety，areknowntoprofaneitssanctity，byfollowingtheirpleasuresortheiraffairs;thiswayofactingbeingcontrarytotheirowninterestasChristians，andcalculatedtoannoythosewhodonotfollowtheirexample;beingalsoofgreatinjurytosocietyatlarge，byspreadingatastefordissipationanddissolutemanners;BeitenactedandordainedbytheGovernor，Council，andRepresentativesconvenedinGeneralCourtofAssembly，thatallandeverypersonandpersonsshallonthatdaycarefullyapplythemselvestothedutiesofreligionandpiety，thatnotradesmanorlabourershallexercisehisordinarycalling，andthatnogameorrecreationshallbeusedontheLord’sDay，uponpainofforfeitingtenshillings。

"Thatnooneshalltravelonthatday，oranypartthereof，underpainofforfeitingtwentyshillings;thatnovesselshallleaveaharbourofthecolony;thatnopersonsshallkeepoutsidethemeeting—houseduringthetimeofpublicworship，orprofanethetimebyplayingortalking，onpenaltyoffiveshillings。

"Public—housesshallnotentertainanyotherthanstrangersorlodgers，underpenaltyoffiveshillingsforeverypersonfounddrinkingandabidingtherein。

"Anypersoninhealth，who，withoutsufficientreason，shallomittoworshipGodinpublicduringthreemonths，shallbecondemnedtoafineoftenshillings。

"Anypersonguiltyofmisbehaviourinaplaceofpublicworship，shallbefinedfromfivetofortyshillings。

"Theselawsaretobeenforcedbythetything—menofeachtownship，whohaveauthoritytovisitpublic—housesontheSunday。Theinnkeeperwhoshallrefusethemadmittance，shallbefinedfortyshillingsforsuchoffence。

"Thetything—menaretostoptravellers，andrequireofthemtheirreasonforbeingontheroadonSunday;anyonerefusingtoanswer，shallbesentencedtopayafinenotexceedingfivepoundssterling。Ifthereasongivenbythetravellerbenotdeemedbythetything—mansufficient，hemaybringthetravellerbeforethejusticeofthepeaceofthedistrict。"（LawofMarch8，1792;GeneralLawsofMassachusetts，vol。i。p。410。）

OnMarch11，1797，anewlawincreasedtheamountoffines，halfofwhichwastobegiventotheinformer。（Samecollection，vol。ii。p。525。）OnFebruary16，1816，anewlawconfirmedthesesamemeasures。（Samecollection，vol。ii。p。405。）SimilarenactmentsexistinthelawsoftheStateofNewYork，revisedin1827and1828。（SeeRevisedStatutes，PartI。chapter20，p。

675。）IntheseitisdeclaredthatnooneisallowedontheSabbathtosport，tofish，toplayatgames，ortofrequenthouseswhereliquorissold。Noonecantravel，exceptincaseofnecessity。AndthisisnottheonlytracewhichthereligiousstrictnessandausteremannersofthefirstemigrantshaveleftbehindthemintheAmericanlaws。IntheRevisedStatutesoftheStateofNewYork，vol。i。p。662，isthefollowingclause:—

"Whoevershallwinorloseinthespaceoftwenty—fourhours，bygamingorbetting，thesumoftwenty—fivedollars，shallbefoundguiltyofamisdemeanour，anduponconvictionshallbecondemnedtopayafineequaltoatleastfivetimesthevalueofthesumlostorwon;whichshallbepaidtotheinspectorofthepoorofthetownship。Hethatlosestwenty—fivedollarsormoremaybringanactiontorecoverthem;andifheneglectstodosotheinspectorofthepoormayprosecutethewinner，andobligehimtopayintothepoor’sboxboththesumhehasgainedandthreetimesasmuchbesides。"

Thelawswequotefromareofrecentdate;buttheyareunintelligiblewithoutgoingbacktotheveryoriginofthecolonies。Ihavenodoubtthatinourdaysthepenalpartoftheselawsisveryrarelyapplied。Lawspreservetheirinflexibility，longafterthemannersofanationhaveyieldedtotheinfluenceoftime。Itisstilltrue，however，thatnothingstrikesaforeigneronhisarrivalinAmericamoreforciblythantheregardpaidtotheSabbath。Thereisone，inparticular，ofthelargeAmericancities，inwhichallsocialmovementsbegintobesuspendedevenonSaturdayevening。Youtraverseitsstreetsatthehouratwhichyouexpectmeninthemiddleoflifetobeengagedinbusiness，andyoungpeopleinpleasure;andyoumeetwithsolitudeandsilence。Notonlyhaveallceasedtowork，buttheyappeartohaveceasedtoexist。Neitherthemovementsofindustryareheard，northeaccentsofjoy，noreventheconfusedmurmurwhicharisesfromthemidstofagreatcity。Chainsarehungacrossthestreetsintheneighborhoodofthechurches;thehalf—closedshuttersofthehousesscarcelyadmitarayofsunintothedwellingsofthecitizens。Nowandthenyouperceiveasolitaryindividualwhoglidessilentlyalongthedesertedstreetsandlanes。Nextday，atearlydawn，therollingofcarriages，thenoiseofhammers，thecriesofthepopulation，begintomakethemselvesheardagain。Thecityisawake。Aneagercrowdhastenstowardstheresortofcommerceandindustry;

everythingaroundyoubespeaksmotion，bustle，hurry。Afeverishactivitysucceedstothelethargicstuporofyesterday;youmightalmostsupposethattheyhadbutonedaytoacquirewealthandtoenjoyit。

AppendixF

Itisunnecessaryformetosay，thatinthechapterwhichhasjustbeenread，IhavenothadtheintentionofgivingahistoryofAmerica。Myonlyobjectwastoenablethereadertoappreciatetheinfluencewhichtheopinionsandmannersofthefirstemigrantshadexerciseduponthefateofthedifferentcolonies，andoftheUnioningeneral。Ihavethereforeconfinedmyselftothequotationofafewdetachedfragments。IdonotknowwhetherIamdeceived，butitappearstomethat，bypursuingthepathwhichIhavemerelypointedout，itwouldbeeasytopresentsuchpicturesoftheAmericanrepublicsaswouldnotbeunworthytheattentionofthepublic，andcouldnotfailtosuggesttothestatesmanmatterforreflection。Notbeingabletodevotemyselftothislabor，Iamanxioustorenderiteasytoothers;and，forthispurpose，Isubjoinashortcatalogueandanalysisoftheworkswhichseemtomethemostimportanttoconsult。

AttheheadofthegeneraldocumentswhichitwouldbeadvantageoustoexamineIplacetheworkentitled"AnHistoricalCollectionofStatePapers，andotherauthenticDocuments，intendedasMaterialsforaHistoryoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica，"byEbenezerHasard。Thefirstvolumeofthiscompilation，whichwasprintedatPhiladelphiain1792，containsaliteralcopyofallthechartersgrantedbytheCrownofEnglandtotheemigrants，aswellastheprincipalactsofthecolonialgovernments，duringthecommencementoftheirexistence。

Amongstotherauthenticdocuments，weherefindagreatmanyrelatingtotheaffairsofNewEnglandandVirginiaduringthisperiod。ThesecondvolumeisalmostentirelydevotedtotheactsoftheConfederationof1643。Thisfederalcompact，whichwasenteredintobythecoloniesofNewEnglandwiththeviewofresistingtheIndians，wasthefirstinstanceofunionaffordedbytheAnglo—Americans。Therewerebesidesmanyotherconfederationsofthesamenature，beforethefamousoneof1776，whichbroughtabouttheindependenceofthecolonies。

Eachcolonyhas，besides，itsownhistoricmonuments，someofwhichareextremelycurious;beginningwithVirginia，theStatewhichwasfirstpeopled。TheearliesthistorianofVirginiawasitsfounder，CaptainJohnSmith。CaptainSmithhasleftusanoctavovolume，entitled"ThegenerallHistorieofVirginiaandNewEngland，byCaptainJohnSmith，sometymesGovernorinthoseCountryes，andAdmirallofNewEngland";printedatLondonin1627。Theworkisadornedwithcuriousmapsandengravingsofthetimewhenitappeared;thenarrativeextendsfromtheyear1584to1626。Smith’sworkishighlyanddeservedlyesteemed。

Theauthorwasoneofthemostcelebratedadventurersofaperiodofremarkableadventure;hisbookbreathesthatardorfordiscovery，thatspiritofenterprise，whichcharacterizedthemenofhistime，whenthemannersofchivalrywereunitedtozealforcommerce，andmadesubservienttotheacquisitionofwealth。ButCaptainSmithismostremarkableforunitingtothevirtueswhichcharacterizedhiscontemporariesseveralqualitiestowhichtheyweregenerallystrangers;hisstyleissimpleandconcise，hisnarrativesbearthestampoftruth，andhisdescriptionsarefreefromfalseornament。ThisauthorthrowsmostvaluablelightuponthestateandconditionoftheIndiansatthetimewhenNorthAmericawasfirstdiscovered。

ThesecondhistoriantoconsultisBeverley，whocommenceshisnarrativewiththeyear1585，andendsitwith1700。Thefirstpartofhisbookcontainshistoricaldocuments，properlysocalled，relativetotheinfancyofthecolony。ThesecondaffordsamostcuriouspictureofthestateoftheIndiansatthisremoteperiod。Thethirdconveysveryclearideasconcerningthemanners，socialconditions，laws，andpoliticalcustomsoftheVirginiansintheauthor’slifetime。BeverleywasanativeofVirginia，whichoccasionshimtosayatthebeginningofhisbook，thatheentreatshisreadersnottoexercisetheircriticalseverityuponit，since，havingbeenbornintheIndies，hedoesnotaspiretopurityoflan