下载辰思小说免费APP
Time，however，continuedtoadvance，andtheAnglo—Americans，spreadingbeyondthecoastsoftheAtlanticOcean，penetratedfartherandfartherintothesolitudesoftheWest;theymetwithanewsoilandanunwontedclimate;theobstacleswhichopposedthemwereofthemostvariouscharacter;
theirracesintermingled，theinhabitantsoftheSouthwentuptowardstheNorth，thoseoftheNorthdescendedtotheSouth;butinthemidstofallthesecauses，thesameresultoccurredateverystep，andingeneral，thecoloniesinwhichtherewerenoslavesbecamemorepopulousandmorerichthanthoseinwhichslaveryflourished。Themoreprogresswasmade，themorewasitshownthatslavery，whichissocrueltotheslave，isprejudicialtothemaster。
ChapterXVIII:FutureConditionOfThreeRaces—PartIV
ButthistruthwasmostsatisfactorilydemonstratedwhencivilizationreachedthebanksoftheOhio。ThestreamwhichtheIndianshaddistinguishedbythenameofOhio，orBeautifulRiver，watersoneofthemostmagnificentvalleysthathaseverbeenmadetheabodeofman。UndulatinglandsextenduponbothshoresoftheOhio，whosesoilaffordsinexhaustibletreasurestothelaborer;oneitherbanktheairiswholesomeandtheclimatemild，andeachofthemformstheextremefrontierofavastState:ThatwhichfollowsthenumerouswindingsoftheOhioupontheleftiscalledKentucky，thatupontherightbearsthenameoftheriver。ThesetwoStatesonlydifferinasinglerespect;
Kentuckyhasadmittedslavery，buttheStateofOhiohasprohibitedtheexistenceofslaveswithinitsborders。*h[Footnoteh:NotonlyisslaveryprohibitedinOhio，butnofreenegroesareallowedtoentertheterritoryofthatState，ortoholdpropertyinit。SeetheStatutesofOhio。]
ThusthetravellerwhofloatsdownthecurrentoftheOhiotothespotwherethatriverfallsintotheMississippi，maybesaidtosailbetweenlibertyandservitude;andatransientinspectionofthesurroundingobjectswillconvincehimastowhichofthetwoismostfavorabletomankind。Upontheleftbankofthestreamthepopulationisrare;fromtimetotimeonedescriesatroopofslavesloiteringinthehalf—desertfields;
theprimaevalforestrecursateveryturn;societyseemstobeasleep，mantobeidle，andnaturealoneoffersasceneofactivityandoflife。Fromtherightbank，onthecontrary，aconfusedhumisheardwhichproclaimsthepresenceofindustry;
thefieldsarecoveredwithabundantharvests，theeleganceofthedwellingsannouncesthetasteandactivityofthelaborer，andmanappearstobeintheenjoymentofthatwealthandcontentmentwhichistherewardoflabor。*i[Footnotei:TheactivityofOhioisnotconfinedtoindividuals，buttheundertakingsoftheStatearesurprisinglygreat;acanalhasbeenestablishedbetweenLakeErieandtheOhio，bymeansofwhichthevalleyoftheMississippicommunicateswiththeriveroftheNorth，andtheEuropeancommoditieswhicharriveatNewYorkmaybeforwardedbywatertoNewOrleansacrossfivehundredleaguesofcontinent。]
TheStateofKentuckywasfoundedin1775，theStateofOhioonlytwelveyearslater;buttwelveyearsaremoreinAmericathanhalfacenturyinEurope，and，atthepresentday，thepopulationofOhioexceedsthatofKentuckybytwohundredandfiftythousandsouls。*jTheseoppositeconsequencesofslaveryandfreedommayreadilybeunderstood，andtheysufficetoexplainmanyofthedifferenceswhichweremarkbetweenthecivilizationofantiquityandthatofourowntime。
[Footnotej:Theexactnumbersgivenbythecensusof1830were:
Kentucky，688，—844;Ohio，937，679。[In1890thepopulationofOhiowas3，672，316，thatofKentucky，1，858，635。]]
UpontheleftbankoftheOhiolaborisconfoundedwiththeideaofslavery，upontherightbankitisidentifiedwiththatofprosperityandimprovement;ontheonesideitisdegraded，ontheotheritishonored;ontheformerterritorynowhitelaborerscanbefound，fortheywouldbeafraidofassimilatingthemselvestothenegroes;onthelatternooneisidle，forthewhitepopulationextendsitsactivityanditsintelligencetoeverykindofemployment。ThusthemenwhosetaskitistocultivatetherichsoilofKentuckyareignorantandlukewarm;
whilstthosewhoareactiveandenlightenedeitherdonothingorpassoverintotheStateofOhio，wheretheymayworkwithoutdishonor。
ItistruethatinKentuckytheplantersarenotobligedtopaywagestotheslaveswhomtheyemploy;buttheyderivesmallprofitsfromtheirlabor，whilstthewagespaidtofreeworkmenwouldbereturnedwithinterestinthevalueoftheirservices。
Thefreeworkmanispaid，buthedoeshisworkquickerthantheslave，andrapidityofexecutionisoneofthegreatelementsofeconomy。Thewhitesellshisservices，buttheyareonlypurchasedatthetimesatwhichtheymaybeuseful;theblackcanclaimnoremunerationforhistoil，buttheexpenseofhismaintenanceisperpetual;hemustbesupportedinhisoldageaswellasintheprimeofmanhood，inhisprofitlessinfancyaswellasintheproductiveyearsofyouth。Paymentmustequallybemadeinordertoobtaintheservicesofeitherclassofmen:
thefreeworkmanreceiveshiswagesinmoney，theslaveineducation，infood，incare，andinclothing。Themoneywhichamasterspendsinthemaintenanceofhisslavesgoesgraduallyandindetail，sothatitisscarcelyperceived;thesalaryofthefreeworkmanispaidinaroundsum，whichappearsonlytoenrichtheindividualwhoreceivesit，butintheendtheslavehascostmorethanthefreeservant，andhislaborislessproductive。*k[Footnotek:Independentlyofthesecauses，which，whereverfreeworkmenabound，rendertheirlabormoreproductiveandmoreeconomicalthanthatofslaves，anothercausemaybepointedoutwhichispeculiartotheUnitedStates:thesugar—canehashithertobeencultivatedwithsuccessonlyuponthebanksoftheMississippi，nearthemouthofthatriverintheGulfofMexico。
InLouisianathecultivationofthesugar—caneisexceedinglylucrative，andnowheredoesalaborerearnsomuchbyhiswork，and，asthereisalwaysacertainrelationbetweenthecostofproductionandthevalueoftheproduce，thepriceofslavesisveryhighinLouisiana。ButLouisianaisoneoftheconfederatedStates，andslavesmaybecarriedthitherfromallpartsoftheUnion;thepricegivenforslavesinNewOrleansconsequentlyraisesthevalueofslavesinalltheothermarkets。Theconsequenceofthisis，thatinthecountrieswherethelandislessproductive，thecostofslavelaborisstillveryconsiderable，whichgivesanadditionaladvantagetothecompetitionoffreelabor。]
Theinfluenceofslaveryextendsstillfurther;itaffectsthecharacterofthemaster，andimpartsapeculiartendencytohisideasandhistastes。UponbothbanksoftheOhio，thecharacteroftheinhabitantsisenterprisingandenergetic;butthisvigorisverydifferentlyexercisedinthetwoStates。ThewhiteinhabitantofOhio，whoisobligedtosubsistbyhisownexertions，regardstemporalprosperityastheprincipalaimofhisexistence;andasthecountrywhichheoccupiespresentsinexhaustibleresourcestohisindustryandever—varyinglurestohisactivity，hisacquisitiveardorsurpassestheordinarylimitsofhumancupidity:heistormentedbythedesireofwealth，andheboldlyentersuponeverypathwhichfortuneopenstohim;hebecomesasailor，apioneer，anartisan，oralaborerwiththesameindifference，andhesupports，withequalconstancy，thefatiguesandthedangersincidentaltothesevariousprofessions;
theresourcesofhisintelligenceareastonishing，andhisavidityinthepursuitofgainamountstoaspeciesofheroism。
ButtheKentuckianscornsnotonlylabor，butalltheundertakingswhichlaborpromotes;ashelivesinanidleindependence，histastesarethoseofanidleman;moneylosesaportionofitsvalueinhiseyes;hecovetswealthmuchlessthanpleasureandexcitement;andtheenergywhichhisneighbordevotestogain，turnswithhimtoapassionateloveoffieldsportsandmilitaryexercises;hedelightsinviolentbodilyexertion，heisfamiliarwiththeuseofarms，andisaccustomedfromaveryearlyagetoexposehislifeinsinglecombat。Thusslaverynotonlypreventsthewhitesfrombecomingopulent，butevenfromdesiringtobecomeso。
AsthesamecauseshavebeencontinuallyproducingoppositeeffectsforthelasttwocenturiesintheBritishcoloniesofNorthAmerica，theyhaveestablishedaverystrikingdifferencebetweenthecommercialcapacityoftheinhabitantsoftheSouthandthoseoftheNorth。AtthepresentdayitisonlytheNorthernStateswhichareinpossessionofshipping，manufactures，railroads，andcanals。ThisdifferenceisperceptiblenotonlyincomparingtheNorthwiththeSouth，butincomparingtheseveralSouthernStates。Almostalltheindividualswhocarryoncommercialoperations，orwhoendeavortoturnslavelabortoaccountinthemostSoutherndistrictsoftheUnion，haveemigratedfromtheNorth。ThenativesoftheNorthernStatesareconstantlyspreadingoverthatportionoftheAmericanterritorywheretheyhavelesstofearfromcompetition;
theydiscoverresourcestherewhichescapedthenoticeoftheinhabitants;and，astheycomplywithasystemwhichtheydonotapprove，theysucceedinturningittobetteradvantagethanthosewhofirstfoundedandwhostillmaintainit。
WereIinclinedtocontinuethisparallel，IcouldeasilyprovethatalmostallthedifferenceswhichmayberemarkedbetweenthecharactersoftheAmericansintheSouthernandintheNorthernStateshaveoriginatedinslavery;butthiswoulddivertmefrommysubject，andmypresentintentionisnottopointoutalltheconsequencesofservitude，butthoseeffectswhichithasproducedupontheprosperityofthecountrieswhichhaveadmittedit。
Theinfluenceofslaveryupontheproductionofwealthmusthavebeenveryimperfectlyknowninantiquity，asslaverythenobtainedthroughoutthecivilizedworld;andthenationswhichwereunacquaintedwithitwerebarbarous。AndindeedChristianityonlyabolishedslaverybyadvocatingtheclaimsoftheslave;atthepresenttimeitmaybeattackedinthenameofthemaster，and，uponthispoint，interestisreconciledwithmorality。
AsthesetruthsbecameapparentintheUnitedStates，slaveryrecededbeforetheprogressofexperience。ServitudehadbegunintheSouth，andhadthencespreadtowardstheNorth;butitnowretiresagain。Freedom，whichstartedfromtheNorth，nowdescendsuninterruptedlytowardstheSouth。AmongstthegreatStates，PennsylvanianowconstitutestheextremelimitofslaverytotheNorth:butevenwithinthoselimitstheslavesystemisshaken:Maryland，whichisimmediatelybelowPennsylvania，ispreparingforitsabolition;andVirginia，whichcomesnexttoMaryland，isalreadydiscussingitsutilityanditsdangers。
