下载辰思小说免费APP
至于我在亚特兰大演讲在博览会大楼里的听众是如何反应的,我想我更愿意让著名的战地记者詹姆斯·克里尔曼先生来讲述。克里尔曼先生当时在场,并向《纽约世界报》发电报报道了以下内容:Atlanta,September18.亚特兰大,1892年9月18日。WhilePresidentClevelandwaswaitingatGrayGablesto-day,tosendtheelectricsparkthatstartedthemachineryoftheAtlantaExposition,aNegroMosesstoodbeforeagreataudienceofwhitepeopleanddeliveredanorationthatmarksanewepochinthehistoryoftheSouth;andabodyofNegrotroopsmarchedinaprocessionwiththecitizensoldieryofGeorgiaandLouisiana.Thewholecityisthrillingto-nightwitharealizationoftheextraordinarysignificanceofthesetwounprecedentedevents.NothinghashappenedsinceHenryGrady'simmortalspeechbeforetheNewEnglandsocietyinNewYorkthatindicatessoprofoundlythespiritoftheNewSouth,except,perhaps,theopeningoftheExpositionitself.当克利夫兰总统今日在格雷·加贝尔斯等待发送那道启动亚特兰大博览会机器的电火花时,一位黑人摩西站在一大群白人面前,发表了一场演说,这场演讲标志着南方历史的新纪元;一支黑人士兵队伍与佐治亚州和路易斯安那州的市民军队一起列队行进。今晚,整个城市都因意识到这两件前所未有的事件的非凡意义而激动不已。自亨利·格雷迪在纽约新英格兰协会的不朽演讲以来,没有什么事情能如此深刻地表明新南方的精神,或许除了博览会本身的开幕。WhenProfessorBookerT.Washington,PrincipalofanindustrialschoolforcolouredpeopleinTuskegee,Ala.stoodontheplatformoftheAuditorium,withthesunshiningovertheheadsofhisauditorsintohiseyes,andwithhiswholefacelitupwiththefireofprophecy,ClarkHowell,thesuccessorofHenryGrady,saidtome,"Thatman'sspeechisthebeginningofamoralrevolutioninAmerica."当塔斯基吉(Tuskegee)——一所工业学校,这所学校服务于阿拉巴马州的有色人种——的校长布克·T·华盛顿(BookerT.Washington)教授站在礼堂的讲台上时,他面对着听众,阳光照耀在他的头顶并刺入他的眼睛,但他整张脸都因预言之火而熠熠生辉。克拉克·豪威尔(ClarkHowell),亨利·格雷迪(HenryGrady)的继任者,对我说:"那个人的演讲是美国道德革命的开端。"ItisthefirsttimethataNegrohasmadeaspeechintheSouthonanyimportantoccasionbeforeanaudiencecomposedofwhitemenandwomen.Itelectrifiedtheaudience,andtheresponsewasasifithadcomefromthethroatofawhirlwind.这是第一次有一位黑人在南方的重要场合上向由白人男女组成的观众发表演讲。这electrified了观众,回应如同来自一股龙卷风的喉咙。Mrs.ThompsonhadhardlytakenherseatwhenalleyeswereturnedonatalltawnyNegrosittinginthefrontrowoftheplatform.ItwasProfessorBookerT.Washington,PresidentoftheTuskegee(Alabama)NormalandIndustrialInstitute,whomustrankfromthistimeforthastheforemostmanofhisraceinAmerica.Gilmore'sBandplayedthe"Star-SpangledBanner,"andtheaudiencecheered.Thetunechangedto"Dixie"andtheaudienceroaredwithshrill"hi-yis."Againthemusicchanged,thistimeto"YankeeDoodle,"andtheclamourlessened.汤普森夫人刚刚坐下,所有目光便转向了坐在讲台前排的一位高大的黑人。他是布克·T·华盛顿教授,塔斯基吉(阿拉巴马州)正常与工业学院的校长,从现在起,他必须被公认为美国黑人中最杰出的人物。吉尔莫尔乐队演奏了《星条旗永不落》,观众欢呼。曲调一变奏成《迪克西》,观众发出尖锐的“嗨-伊”的喊声。音乐再次变换,这次是《扬基歌》,喧闹声渐渐平息下来。AllthistimetheeyesofthethousandspresentlookedstraightattheNegroorator.Astrangethingwastohappen.Ablackmanwastospeakforhispeople,withnonetointerrupthim.AsProfessorWashingtonstrodetotheedgeofthestage,thelow,descendingsunshotfieryraysthroughthewindowsintohisface.Agreatshoutgreetedhim.Heturnedhisheadtoavoidtheblindinglight,andmovedabouttheplatformforrelief.Thenheturnedhiswonderfulcountenancetothesunwithoutablinkoftheeyelids,andbegantotalk.此时此刻,成千上万的观众目光都集中在这位黑人演说家身上。一件奇怪的事情即将发生。一位黑人将为他的同胞发言,无人打断他。当华盛顿教授大步走向舞台边缘时,低垂的落日从窗户射出炽热的光线照在他的脸上。他受到了热烈的欢呼。他转过头以避开刺眼的阳光,并在舞台上四处移动以获得缓解。然后,他毫不眨眼地将非凡的面容转向太阳,开始讲话。Therewasaremarkablefigure;tall,bony,straightasaSiouxchief,highforehead,straightnose,heavyjaws,andstrong,determinedmouth,withbigwhiteteeth,piercingeyes,andacommandingmanner.Thesinewsstoodoutonhisbronzedneck,andhismuscularrightarmswunghighintheair,withalead-pencilgraspedintheclinchedbrownfist.Hisbigfeetwereplantedsquarely,withtheheelstogetherandthetoesturnedout.Hisvoicerangeoutclearandtrue,andhepausedimpressivelyashemadeeachpoint.Withintenminutesthemultitudewasinanuproarofenthusiasm—handkerchiefswerewaved,caneswereflourished,hatsweretossedintheair.ThefairestwomenofGeorgiastoodupandcheered.Itwasasiftheoratorhadbewitchedthem.有一个引人注目的身影;高大、瘦削,像苏族酋长一样笔直,额头高耸,鼻子笔直,下颌强壮有力,嘴坚定有力,露出洁白的大牙齿,眼神犀利,态度威严。他古铜色脖子上的筋腱凸了出来,结实的右臂高高举起,攥紧的棕色拳头中握着一支铅笔。他的大脚稳稳地站在地上,脚跟并拢,脚尖向外。他的声音清晰而响亮,每讲一个要点都会庄严地停顿一下。不到十分钟,人群便沸腾起来,热情高涨——手帕挥舞着,手杖摇晃着,帽子被抛向空中。乔治亚州最美丽的女性站起身来欢呼。仿佛演说家已经将她们迷住了。Andwhenheheldhisduskyhandhighabovehishead,withthefingersstretchedwideapart,andsaidtothewhitepeopleoftheSouthonbehalfofhisrace,"Inallthingsthatarepurelysocialwecanbeasseparateasthefingers,yetoneasthehandinallthingsessentialtomutualprogress,"thegreatwaveofsounddasheditselfagainstthewalls,andthewholeaudiencewasonitsfeetinadeliriumofapplause,andIthoughtatthatmomentofthenightwhenHenryGradystoodamongthecurlingwreathsoftobacco-smokeinDelmonico'sbanquet-hallandsaid,"IamaCavalieramongRoundheads."当他举起黝黑的手,手指张开,高高举过头顶,代表他的种族向南方的白人说道,“在纯粹的社会事务中,我们可以像手指一样彼此分开,但在一切有助于相互进步的事情上,我们又可以像一只手那样紧密团结”,巨大的声音浪潮撞击着墙壁,全场观众都站起来,掌声雷动,那一刻我想到亨利·格雷迪站在德莱莫尼科宴会厅缭绕的雪茄烟雾中说过的那句话,“我是圆桌骑士中的方旗骑士(Cavalier)。Ihaveheardthegreatoratorsofmanycountries,butnotevenGladstonehimselfcouldhavepleasedacausewithmostconsummatepowerthandidthisangularNegro,standinginanimbusofsunshine,surroundedbythemenwhooncefoughttokeephisraceinbondage.Theroarmightswelleversohigh,buttheexpressionofhisearnestfaceneverchanged.我听过许多国家的伟大演说家的演讲,但就连格莱斯顿本人也难以像这位身材瘦削的黑人那样,以最精湛的技巧为事业辩护。他站在阳光形成的光环之中,周围是那些曾经试图让他的种族沦为奴隶的人。欢呼声可能越来越高,但他那张真诚的脸上的表情从未改变。Aragged,ebonygiant,squattedonthefloorinoneoftheaisles,watchedtheoratorwithburningeyesandtremulousfaceuntilthesupremeburstofapplausecame,andthenthetearsrandownhisface.MostoftheNegroesintheaudiencewerecrying,perhapswithoutknowingjustwhy.一个衣衫褴褛的黑人巨人蹲在一条过道的地板上,用炯炯有神的眼睛和颤抖的脸庞注视着演说家,直到掌声达到高潮,然后泪水顺着他的脸庞流下。大多数观众中的黑人都在哭泣,也许他们自己也不知道为什么。AtthecloseofthespeechGovernorBullockrushedacrossthestageandseizedtheorator'shand.Anothershoutgreetedthisdemonstration,andforafewminutesthetwomenstoodfacingeachother,handinhand.演讲结束时,布尔洛克州长快步穿过舞台,抓住演说家的手。这一举动引起了另一阵欢呼,几分钟内,两人手拉着手,面对面地站着。SofarasIcouldsparethetimefromtheimmediateworkatTuskegee,aftermyAtlantaaddress,Iacceptedsomeoftheinvitationstospeakinpublicwhichcametome,especiallythosethatwouldtakemeintoterritorywhereIthoughtitwouldpaytopleadthecauseofmyrace,butIalwaysdidthiswiththeunderstandingthatIwastobefreetotalkaboutmylife-workandtheneedsofmypeople.IalsohaditunderstoodthatIwasnottospeakinthecapacityofaprofessionallecturer,orformerecommercialgain.只要我能从塔斯基吉的当务之急的工作中抽出时间,在亚特兰大演说之后,我就接受了一些公开演讲的邀请,尤其是那些能让我到我认为为争取我种族的利益值得去的地方演讲的邀请。但我总是这样理解:我可以自由地谈论我的生活工作和我人民的需求。我还要求他们理解,我不是以职业演讲家的身份演讲,也不是为了单纯的商业利益。InmyeffortsonthepublicplatformIneverhavebeenabletounderstandwhypeoplecometohearmespeak.ThisquestionInevercanridmyselfof.Timeandtimeagain,asIhavestoodinthestreetinfrontofabuildingandhaveseenmenandwomenpassinginlargenumbersintotheaudienceroomwhereIwastospeak,IhavefeltashamedthatIshouldbethecauseofpeople—asitseemedtome—wastingavaluablehouroftheirtime.SomeyearsagoIwastodeliveranaddressbeforealiterarysocietyinMadison,Wis.Anhourbeforethetimesetformetospeak,afiercesnow-stormbegan,andcontinuedforseveralhours.Imadeupmymindthattherewouldbenoaudience,andthatIshouldnothavetospeak,but,asamatterofduty,Iwenttothechurch,andfounditpackedwithpeople.ThesurprisegavemeashockthatIdidnotrecoverfromduringthewholeevening.在我于公众平台上的努力中,我始终无法理解为什么人们会来听我演讲。这个问题我永远也无法摆脱。一次又一次,当我站在威斯康星州麦迪逊市的一栋建筑物前,看到大批男女进入我要演讲的观众厅时,我觉得羞愧,因为我似乎让他们浪费了一个宝贵的时间。几年前,我要在一个文学社面前发表演讲,就在我演讲时间的一个小时前,一场猛烈的暴风雪开始了,并持续了几个小时。我心里想不会有听众了,我也就不必演讲了,但出于责任,我还是去了教堂,却发现里面挤满了人。这个意外让我震惊,整个晚上我都未能恢复过来。PeopleoftenaskmeifIfeelnervousbeforespeaking,orelsetheysuggestthat,sinceIspeakoften,theysupposethatIgetusedtoit.InanswertothisquestionIhavetosaythatIalwayssufferintenselyfromnervousnessbeforespeaking.Morethanonce,justbeforeIwastomakeanimportantaddress,thisnervousstrainhasbeensogreatthatIhaveresolvedneveragaintospeakinpublic.Inotonlyfeelnervousbeforespeaking,butafterIhavefinishedIusuallyfeelasenseofregret,becauseitseemstomeasifIhadleftoutofmyaddressthemainthingandthebestthingthatIhadmeanttosay.人们常常问我,在演讲前我是否感到紧张,或者他们认为,因为我经常演讲,所以应该已经习惯了。对于这个问题,我必须说,在演讲之前我总是会经历极大的紧张情绪。不止一次,在我要发表一个重要演讲之前,这种紧张感如此强烈,以至于我决定再也不在公共场合演讲了。不仅是在演讲前我会感到紧张,而且在我讲完之后,我通常也会感到后悔,因为对我来说,似乎我在演讲中遗漏了原本打算说的最重要的内容和最好的内容。Thereisagreatcompensation,though,forthispreliminarynervoussuffering,thatcomestomeafterIhavebeenspeakingforabouttenminutes,andhavecometofeelthatIhavereallymasteredmyaudience,andthatwehavegottenintofullandcompletesympathywitheachother.Itseemstomethatthereisrarelysuchacombinationofmentalandphysicaldelightinanyeffortasthatwhichcomestoapublicspeakerwhenhefeelsthathehasagreataudiencecompletelywithinhiscontrol.Thereisathreadofsympathyandonenessthatconnectsapublicspeakerwithhisaudience,thatisjustasstrongasthoughitwassomethingtangibleandvisible.Ifinanaudienceofathousandpeoplethereisonepersonwhoisnotinsympathywithmyviews,orisinclinedtobedoubtful,cold,orcritical,Icanpickhimout.WhenIhavefoundhimIusuallygostraightathim,anditisagreatsatisfactiontowatchtheprocessofhisthawingout.Ifindthatthemosteffectivemedicineforsuchindividualsisadministeredatfirstintheformofastory,althoughInevertellananecdotesimplyforthesakeoftellingone.Thatkindofthing,Ithink,isemptyandhollow,andanaudiencesoonfindsitout.然而,这种初步的紧张情绪有一个很大的补偿,大约在我演讲开始十分钟后,当我感到我已经真正掌控了我的听众,并且我们之间已经完全建立了同情和共鸣时,这种紧张感就会消退。在我看来,公共演讲者在感觉到他已经完全控制了庞大的听众群体时所感受到的那种精神和身体上的愉悦,在任何努力中都很少能被超越。公共演讲者与听众之间有一种同情和一体感的纽带,这种纽带就像某种有形可见的东西一样强大。如果在一个千人的听众群中有一人不赞同我的观点,或者倾向于怀疑、冷漠甚至批评,我可以把他挑出来。一旦找到他,我通常会直接针对他,看着他逐渐解冻的过程是一种极大的满足感。我发现,对于这样的人,最有效的药方最初是以故事的形式呈现的,尽管我从不单纯为了讲一个笑话而讲笑话。我认为那种做法是空洞和虚伪的,听众很快就能察觉到。Ibelievethatonealwaysdoeshimselfandhisaudienceaninjusticewhenhespeaksmerelyforthesakeofspeaking.Idonotbelievethatoneshouldspeakunless,deepdowninhisheart,hefeelsconvincedthathehasamessagetodeliver.Whenonefeels,fromthebottomofhisfeettothetopofhishead,thathehassomethingtosaythatisgoingtohelpsomeindividualorsomecause,thenlethimsayit;andindeliveringhismessageIdonotbelievethatmanyoftheartificialrulesofelocutioncan,undersuchcircumstances,helphimverymuch.Althoughtherearecertainthings,suchaspauses,breathing,andpitchofvoice,thatareveryimportant,noneofthesecantaketheplaceofsoulinanaddress.WhenIhaveanaddresstodeliver,IliketoforgetallabouttherulesfortheproperuseoftheEnglishlanguage,andallaboutrhetoricandthatsortofthing,andIliketomaketheaudienceforgetallaboutthesethings,too.我相信,一个人仅仅为了说话而说话,既对自己,也对听众不公。我不认为一个人应该说话,除非他内心深处深信自己有信息需要传达。当一个人从脚底到头顶都感到自己有话要说,并且这些话能帮助某些人或某个事业时,那么就让他来说;在传递他的信息时,我认为在这种情况下,许多修辞学上的艺术规则对他帮助不大。虽然像停顿、呼吸和语调这样的事情非常重要,但它们都不能替代演讲中的灵魂。当我准备发表演讲时,我喜欢忘掉英语语言使用的正确规则以及修辞之类的东西,我也希望听众能够忘记这些东西。Nothingtendstothrowmeoffmybalancesoquickly,whenIamspeaking,astohavesomeoneleavetheroom.Topreventthis,Imakeupmymind,asarule,thatIwilltrytomakemyaddresssointeresting,willtrytostatesomanyinterestingfactsoneafteranother,thatnoonecanleave.Theaverageaudience,Ihavecometobelieve,wantsfactsratherthangeneralitiesorsermonizing.Mostpeople,Ithink,areabletodrawproperconclusionsiftheyaregiventhefactsinaninterestingformonwhichtobasethem.没有什么比有人离开房间更让我在演讲时失去平衡了。为了避免这种情况,我通常下定决心,要尽力使我的演讲内容有趣,连续不断地陈述许多有趣的事实,这样就不会有人想要离开。我相信,一般的听众更希望听到事实,而不是泛泛而谈或说教。我认为,大多数人如果能以有趣的形式获得事实依据,就能够得出正确的结论。AstothekindofaudiencethatIlikebesttotalkto,Iwouldputatthetopofthelistanorganizationofstrong,wide-awake,businessmen,such,forexample,asisfoundinBoston,NewYork,Chicago,andBuffalo.Ihavefoundnootheraudiencesoquicktoseeapoint,andsoresponsive.WithinthelastfewyearsIhavehadtheprivilegeofspeakingbeforemostoftheleadingorganizationsofthiskindinthelargecitiesoftheUnitedStates.Thebesttimetogetholdofanorganizationofbusinessmenisafteragooddinner,althoughIthinkthatoneoftheworstinstrumentsoftorturethatwaseverinventedisthecustomwhichmakesitnecessaryforaspeakertositthroughafourteen-coursedinner,everyminuteofthetimefeelingsurethathisspeechisgoingtoproveadismalfailureanddisappointment.至于我最喜欢演讲的对象,我会把那些由坚强、敏锐、务实的商人组成的组织排在首位,例如波士顿、纽约、芝加哥和布法罗这样的地方就能找到。我发现没有其他听众能如此迅速地理解要点,并且如此有反应性。在过去几年里,我有幸在美国各大城市的许多主要组织面前发表过演讲。抓住这样一个商人团体的最佳时间是在一顿丰盛的晚餐之后,不过我认为,有一种发明出来的最糟糕的酷刑就是那种习俗,它迫使演讲者在整个十四道菜的晚餐过程中坐着,每分钟都确信自己的演讲将会证明是一次令人沮丧的失败。IrarelytakepartinoneoftheselongdinnersthatIdonotwishthatIcouldputmyselfbackinthelittlecabinwhereIwasaslaveboy,andagaingothroughtheexperiencethere—onethatIshallneverforget—ofgettingmolassestoeatonceaweekfromthe"bighouse."Ourusualdietontheplantationwascornbreadandpork,butonSundaymorningmymotherwaspermittedtobringdownalittlemolassesfromthe"bighouse"forherthreechildren,andwhenitwasreceivedhowIdidwishthateverydaywasSunday!Iwouldgetmytinplateandholditupforthesweetmorsel,butIwouldalwaysshutmyeyeswhilethemolasseswasbeingpouredoutintotheplate,withthehopethatwhenIopenedthemIwouldbesurprisedtoseehowmuchIhadgot.WhenIopenedmyeyesIwouldtiptheplateinonedirectionandanother,soastomakethemolassesspreadalloverit,inthefullbeliefthattherewouldbemoreofitandthatitwouldlastlongerifspreadoutinthisway.SostrongaremychildishimpressionsofthoseSundaymorningfeaststhatitwouldbeprettyhardforanyonetoconvincemethatthereisnotmoremolassesonaplatewhenitisspreadallovertheplatethanwhenitoccupiesalittlecorner—ifthereisacornerinaplate.Atanyrate,Ihaveneverbelievedin"cornering"syrup.Myshareofthesyrupwasusuallyabouttwotablespoonfuls,andthosetwospoonfulsofmolassesweremuchmoreenjoyabletomethanisafourteen-coursedinnerafterwhichIamtospeak.我很少参加这些漫长的晚餐,而不希望我能回到小时候做奴隶男孩的小木屋,再次经历在那里的一次经历——一次我永远不会忘记的经历——从“主屋”里每周得到一次糖蜜吃。“种植园里的日常饮食通常是玉米面包和猪肉,但在周日早上,我母亲被允许从‘主屋’带一点糖蜜给我们三个孩子。当收到糖蜜时,我是多么希望每个星期天都是如此啊!我会拿起我的锡盘,举起来等待那甜蜜的一份。但我总是闭着眼睛,希望当糖蜜倒进盘子里时,当我睁开眼睛时会惊讶地发现得到了多少。当我睁开眼睛时,我会把盘子向一个方向倾斜,再向另一个方向倾斜,以便让糖蜜铺满整个盘子,深信这样会让糖蜜更多一些,也能持续更长时间。我对那些周日早上的盛宴留下的童年印象非常深刻,几乎没有人能说服我相信,如果糖蜜铺满整个盘子,而不是只占据盘子的一个角落(如果盘子有角落的话),就不会有更多的糖蜜。无论如何,我从未相信过“囤积”糖浆的做法。我的那份糖蜜通常只有大约两汤匙,但这两勺糖蜜比一顿十四道菜的大餐还要让我享受,尤其是在我要发表演讲之后。Nexttoacompanyofbusinessmen,IprefertospeaktoanaudienceofSouthernpeople,ofeitherrace,togetherortakenseparately.Theirenthusiasmandresponsivenessareaconstantdelight.The"amens"and"dat'sdetruf"thatcomespontaneouslyfromthecolouredindividualsarecalculatedtospuranyspeakerontohisbestefforts.IthinkthatnextinorderofpreferenceIwouldplaceacollegeaudience.IthasbeenmyprivilegetodeliveraddressesatmanyofourleadingcollegesincludingHarvard,Yale,Williams,Amherst,FiskUniversity,theUniversityofPennsylvania,Wellesley,theUniversityofMichigan,TrinityCollegeinNorthCarolina,andmanyothers.在一群商人旁边,我更喜欢向南方的人群演讲,无论是哪个种族,他们在一起或分开都一样。他们的热情和回应总是令人愉悦。“阿门”和“那是真理”这些话常常会自发地从有色人种个体口中说出,这无疑能激励任何演讲者发挥出最好的水平。我认为接下来我会选择大学听众作为我的第二偏好。我很荣幸曾在许多著名高校发表过演讲,包括哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、威廉姆斯学院、阿默斯特学院、菲斯克大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、韦尔斯利学院、密歇根大学、北卡罗来纳州的三一学院以及许多其他学校。Ithasbeenamatterofdeepinteresttometonotethenumberofpeoplewhohavecometoshakehandswithmeafteranaddress,whosaythatthisisthefirsttimetheyhaveevercalledaNegro"Mister."在我演讲结束后,有太多人过来和我握手,并且说这是他们第一次叫非裔美国人“先生”,这让我感到非常有兴趣。WhenspeakingdirectlyintheinterestsoftheTuskegeeInstitute,Iusuallyarrange,sometimeinadvance,aseriesofmeetingsinimportantcentres.Thistakesmebeforechurches,Sunday-schools,ChristianEndeavourSocieties,andmen'sandwomen'sclubs.WhendoingthisIsometimesspeakbeforeasmanyasfourorganizationsinasingleday.当我就塔斯克基学院的利益直接发表演讲时,我通常会提前安排一系列在重要中心的会议。这会让我出现在教堂、主日学校、基督教努力社团以及男性和女性俱乐部面前。当这样做时,我有时一天会在多达四个组织前演讲。Threeyearsago,atthesuggestionofMr.MorrisK.Jessup,ofNewYork,andDr.J.L.M.Curry,thegeneralagentofthefund,thetrusteesoftheJohnF.SlaterFundvotedasumofmoneytobeusedinpayingtheexpensesofMrs.WashingtonandmyselfwhileholdingaseriesofmeetingsamongthecolouredpeopleinthelargecentresofNegropopulation,especiallyinthelargecitiesoftheex-slaveholdingstates.Eachyearduringthelastthreeyearswehavedevotedsomeweekstothiswork.Theplanthatwehavefollowedhasbeenformetospeakinthemorningtotheministers,teachers,andprofessionalmen.IntheafternoonMrs.Washingtonwouldspeaktothewomenalone,andintheeveningIspoketoalargemass-meeting.Inalmosteverycasethemeetingshavebeenattendednotonlybythecolouredpeopleinlargenumbers,butbythewhitepeople.InChattanooga,Tenn.,forexample,therewaspresentatthemass-meetinganaudienceofnotlessthanthreethousandpersons,andIwasinformedthateighthundredofthesewerewhite.IhavedonenoworkthatIreallyenjoyedmorethanthis,orthatIthinkhasaccomplishedmoregood.三年前,在纽约的莫里斯·K.杰瑟普先生和基金总代理J.L.M.柯里博士的建议下,约翰·F·斯莱特基金的受托人投票决定了一笔钱,用于支付华盛顿夫人和我在前奴隶聚居地的大城市中举办一系列面向有色人种的会议的费用,尤其是在前奴隶州的大城市。在过去的三年里,我们每年都抽出几周时间从事这项工作。我们遵循的计划是,我上午向牧师、教师和专业人员演讲;下午由华盛顿夫人单独向妇女演讲;晚上我则向一个大型群众集会演讲。在几乎所有的情况下,不仅有大量有色人种参加这些会议,还有白人参加。例如,在田纳西州的查塔努加市,群众集会上的听众人数不少于三千人,我被告知其中有八百人是白人。这是我真正享受的工作之一,我认为这项工作取得了更多的益处。ThesemeetingshavegivenMrs.Washingtonandmyselfanopportunitytogetfirst-hand,accurateinformationastotherealconditionoftherace,byseeingthepeopleintheirhomes,theirchurches,theirSunday-schools,andtheirplacesofwork,aswellasintheprisonsanddensofcrime.Thesemeetingsalsogaveusanopportunitytoseetherelationsthatexistbetweentheraces.IneverfeelsohopefulabouttheraceasIdoafterbeingengagedinaseriesofthesemeetings.Iknowthatonsuchoccasionsthereismuchthatcomestothesurfacethatissuperficialanddeceptive,butIhavehadexperienceenoughnottobedeceivedbymeresignsandfleetingenthusiasms.Ihavetakenpainstogotothebottomofthingsandgetfacts,inacold,business-likemanner.这些会议给了华盛顿夫人和我一个机会,通过看到人们在自己家中、教堂里、周日学校以及工作场所,甚至是监狱和犯罪窝点的情况,获得关于种族真实状况的第一手、准确的信息。这些会议也让我们有机会观察到种族之间存在的关系。我从未像在参与一系列这样的会议之后那样对种族感到充满希望。我知道在这样的场合,有很多表面的、欺骗性的东西会浮出水面,但我已有足够的经验,不会被表面上的迹象和短暂的热情所迷惑。我已经努力深入事情的本质,以一种冷静、务实的方式获取事实。Ihaveseenthestatementmadelately,byonewhoclaimstoknowwhatheistalkingabout,that,takingthewholeNegroraceintoaccount,ninetypercentoftheNegrowomenarenotvirtuous.Thereneverwasabaserfalsehoodutteredconcerningarace,orastatementmadethatwaslesscapableofbeingprovedbyactualfacts.我最近看到有人声称了解自己所说的内容,并且说,从整个黑人种族来看,有百分之九十的黑人女性不贞洁。关于一个种族,从来没有比这更低劣的谎言,也没有比这更无法用实际事实证明的陈述。Noonecancomeintocontactwiththeracefortwentyyears,asIhavedoneintheheartoftheSouth,withoutbeingconvincedthattheraceisconstantlymakingslowbutsureprogressmaterially,educationally,andmorally.OnemighttakeupthelifeoftheworstelementinNewYorkCity,forexample,andprovealmostanythinghewantedtoproveconcerningthewhiteman,butallwillagreethatthisisnotafairtest.任何人都不可能像我在南方腹地这样,与这个种族接触二十年而不被说服,这个种族在物质、教育和道德上正在缓慢而稳步地进步。例如,有人可以研究纽约市最糟糕的那部分人的生活,并几乎证明他想证明的关于白人的一切,但所有人都会同意,这不是一个公平的测试。Earlyintheyear1897IreceivedaletterinvitingmetodeliveranaddressatthededicationoftheRobertGouldShawmonumentinBoston.Iacceptedtheinvitation.Itisnotnecessaryforme,Iamsure,toexplainwhoRobertGouldShawwas,andwhathedid.ThemonumenttohismemorystandsneartheheadoftheBostonCommon,facingtheStateHouse.Itiscountedtobethemostperfectpieceofartofthekindtobefoundinthecountry.早在1897年初,我就收到一封信,邀请我在波士顿罗伯特·高德·肖纪念碑的落成典礼上发表演讲。我接受了这个邀请。我相信我不需要解释罗伯特·高德·肖是谁,以及他做了什么。为了纪念他的纪念碑位于波士顿公共花园的入口附近,面向州政府大楼。它被认为是全国同类艺术作品中最完美的作品。TheexercisesconnectedwiththededicationwereheldinMusicHall,inBoston,andthegreathallwaspackedfromtoptobottomwithoneofthemostdistinguishedaudiencesthateverassembledinthecity.Amongthosepresentweremorepersonsrepresentingthefamousoldanti-slaveryelementthatitislikelywilleverbebroughttogetherinthecountryagain.ThelateHon.RogerWolcott,thenGovernorofMassachusetts,wasthepresidingofficer,andontheplatformwithhimweremanyotherofficialsandhundredsofdistinguishedmen.AreportofthemeetingwhichappearedintheBostonTranscriptwilldescribeitbetterthananywordsofminecoulddo:—与献词相关的练习在波士顿音乐厅举行,大厅从上到下挤满了这个城市曾经聚集过的最杰出的观众之一。在场的人中有更多代表著名的旧反奴隶制元素的人物,这可能在未来不会再被聚集在一起。已故的罗杰·沃尔科特先生,当时的马萨诸塞州州长,是主持会议的官员,他身旁的讲台上还有许多其他官员和数百位杰出人物。《波士顿信使报》上关于这次会议的报道会比我用任何言语描述得更好:——Thecoreandkernelofyesterday'sgreatnoonmeeting,inhonouroftheBrotherhoodofMan,inMusicHall,wasthesuperbaddressoftheNegroPresidentofTuskegee."BookerT.WashingtonreceivedhisHarvardA.M.lastJune,thefirstofhisrace,"saidGovernorWolcott,"toreceiveanhonorarydegreefromtheoldestuniversityintheland,andthisforthewiseleadershipofhispeople."WhenMr.Washingtonroseintheflag-filled,enthusiasm-warmed,patriotic,andglowingatmosphereofMusicHall,peoplefeltkeenlythatherewasthecivicjustificationoftheoldabolitionspiritofMassachusetts;inhispersontheproofofherancientandindomitablefaith;inhisstrongthoughtandrichoratory,thecrownandgloryoftheoldwardaysofsufferingandstrife.Thescenewasfullofhistoricbeautyanddeepsignificance."Cold"Bostonwasalivewiththefirethatisalwayshotinherheartforrighteousnessandtruth.Rowsandrowsofpeoplewhoareseldomseenatanypublicfunction,wholefamiliesofthosewhoarecertaintobeoutoftownonaholiday,crowdedtheplacetooverflowing.Thecitywasatherbirthrightfêteinthepersonsofhundredsofherbestcitizens,menandwomenwhosenamesandlivesstandforthevirtuesthatmakeforhonourablecivicpride.昨日音乐厅举行的盛大午间集会的核心和精髓,是为了纪念人类手足情谊,并在音乐厅举行。塔斯克基的黑人校长发表了出色的演讲。“布克·T·华盛顿先生于去年六月获得了哈佛大学的文学硕士学位,”沃尔科特州长说道,“这是他所在种族中第一位从全国最古老的大学获得荣誉学位的人,这归功于他对人民的明智领导。”当华盛顿先生在充满旗帜、热情洋溢、爱国且热烈气氛的音乐厅中起身时,人们深切感受到这里正是马萨诸塞州古老废奴精神的市民证明;在他的身上体现了她古老而不可动摇的信念;在他的强大思想和丰富的演说中,体现了旧战争时期苦难与斗争的荣耀之冠。这一场景充满了历史的美丽和深远的意义。“冷漠”的波士顿心中燃烧着对正义和真理的永恒热情。成排成排的平时很少出现在公共场合的人们,以及那些节假日必定外出的家庭,都挤满了这个地方,人满为患。这座城市以数百位她最优秀的市民的身份庆祝她的天命庆典,这些男女的名字和生活代表着带来荣誉的公民自豪感的美德。Battle-musichadfilledtheair.Ovationafterovation,applausewarmandprolonged,hadgreetedtheofficersandfriendsofColonelShaw,thesculptor,St.Gaudens,thememorialCommittee,theGovernorandhisstaff,andtheNegrosoldiersoftheFifty-fourthMassachusettsastheycameupontheplatformorenteredthehall.ColonelHenryLee,ofGovernorAndrew'soldstaff,hadmadeanoble,simplepresentationspeechforthecommittee,payingtributetoMr.JohnM.Forbes,inwhosesteadheserved.GovernorWolcotthadmadehisshort,memorablespeech,saying,"FortWagnermarkedanepochinthehistoryofarace,andcalleditintomanhood."MayorQuincyhadreceivedthemonumentforthecityofBoston.ThestoryofColonelShawandhisblackregimenthadbeentoldingallantwords,andthen,afterthesingingof战斗音乐充满了空气。一次又一次的掌声,热烈而持久,迎接了肖准将的军官们和朋友们、雕塑家圣高登斯、纪念碑委员会、州长和他的工作人员以及第54马萨诸塞黑人军团的士兵们走上讲台或进入大厅。亨利·李上校,来自安德鲁州长的老班子,代表委员会做了庄重而简单的致辞,赞扬了约翰·M·福布斯先生,并代其发言。沃尔科特州长做了简短而令人难忘的演讲,他说:“弗吉尼亚堡标志着一个种族历史上的一个时代,并将其带入了成年。”昆西市长代表波士顿市接收了这座纪念碑。讲述了肖准将和他的黑人军团的故事后,在雄壮的话语中,接着Mineeyeshaveseentheglory我的双眼见过荣耀OfthecomingoftheLord,主来临的情景,BookerWashingtonarose.Itwas,ofcourse,justthemomentforhim.Themultitude,shakenoutofitsusualsymphony-concertcalm,quiveredwithanexcitementthatwasnotsuppressed.Adozentimesithadsprungtoitsfeettocheerandwaveandhurrah,asoneperson.Whenthismanofcultureandvoiceandpower,aswellasadarkskin,began,andutteredthenamesofStearnsandofAndrew,feelingbegantomount.Youcouldseetearsglistenintheeyesofsoldiersandcivilians.Whentheoratorturnedtothecolouredsoldiersontheplatform,tothecolour-bearerofFortWagner,whosmilinglyborestilltheflaghehadneverloweredevenwhenwounded,andsaid,"Toyou,tothescarredandscatteredremnantsoftheFifty-fourth,who,withemptysleeveandwantingleg,havehonouredthisoccasionwithyourpresence,toyou,yourcommanderisnotdead.ThoughBostonerectednomonumentandhistoryrecordednostory,inyouandintheloyalracewhichyourepresent,RobertGouldShawwouldhaveamonumentwhichtimecouldnotwearaway,"thencametheclimaxoftheemotionofthedayandthehour.ItwasRogerWolcott,aswellastheGovernorofMassachusetts,theindividualrepresentativeofthepeople'ssympathyaswellasthechiefmagistrate,whohadsprungfirsttohisfeetandcried,"ThreecheerstoBookerT.Washington!"布克·华盛顿站了起来。这当然是属于他的时刻。人群从通常的交响乐会般的平静中被唤醒,激动的情绪无法抑制地弥漫开来。当这位富有文化、声音洪亮且充满力量的人开始演讲,并提及斯蒂尔茨(Stearns)和安德鲁(Andrew)的名字时,情感开始高涨。你可以看到士兵和平民眼中闪烁着泪光。当这位演说家转向站在讲台上的有色人种士兵,提到瓦格纳堡的旗手——他微笑着仍扛着那面从未降下的旗帜,即使在受伤时也未曾放下,并说道:“向你们致敬,向第五十四军团伤痕累累且分散的残部致敬,尽管你们有空袖子和缺腿,但你们以自己的出席为这次活动增光添彩,告诉你们,你们的指挥官并未死去。即使波士顿没有建造纪念碑,历史也没有记录下故事,但在你们以及你们所代表的忠诚种族之中,罗伯特·高德·肖(RobertGouldShaw)将拥有一个时间无法磨灭的纪念碑。”这是当天和那一刻情感的高潮。是罗杰·沃尔科特(RogerWolcott),同时也是马萨诸塞州州长,作为人民同情的个人代表以及首席行政长官,第一个跳起来高呼:“为布克·T·华盛顿欢呼三声!”AmongthoseontheplatformwasSergeantWilliamH.Carney,ofNewBedford,Mass.,thebravecolouredofficerwhowasthecolour-beareratFortWagnerandheldtheAmericanflag.Inspiteofthefactthatalargepartofhisregimentwaskilled,heescaped,andexclaimed,afterthebattlewasover,"Theoldflagnevertouchedtheground."在站台上的人当中,有来自马萨诸塞州新贝德福德的威廉·H·卡尼军士,这位勇敢的有色军官曾在瓦格纳要塞担任旗手,手持美国国旗。尽管他所在团的大部分士兵都牺牲了,但他幸存下来,在战斗结束后,他喊道:“老国旗从未触地。”ThisflagSergeantCarneyheldinhishandsashesatontheplatform,andwhenIturnedtoaddressthesurvivorsofthecolouredregimentwhowerepresent,andreferredtoSergeantCarney,herose,asifbyinstinct,andraisedtheflag.Ithasbeenmyprivilegetowitnessagoodmanysatisfactoryandrathersensationaldemonstrationsinconnectionwithsomeofmypublicaddresses,butindramaticeffectIhaveneverseenorexperiencedanythingwhichequalledthis.Foranumberofminutestheaudienceseemedtoentirelylosecontrolofitself.这面旗帜,卡尼军士坐在讲台上时拿在手中,当我转身向到场的有色人种军团的幸存者致辞并提到卡尼军士时,他似乎出于本能地站起身来举起旗帜。在我的许多公开演讲中,我有幸目睹了许多令人满意的且相当轰动的场面,但从戏剧性效果来看,我从未见过或经历过能与之媲美的场景。观众在几分钟内似乎完全失去了控制。InthegeneralrejoicingthroughoutthecountrywhichfollowedthecloseoftheSpanish-Americanwar,peacecelebrationswerearrangedinseveralofthelargecities.IwasaskedbyPresidentWilliamR.Harper,oftheUniversityofChicago,whowaschairmanofthecommitteeofinvitationsforthecelebrationtobeheldinthecityofChicago,todeliveroneoftheaddressesatthecelebrationthere.Iacceptedtheinvitation,anddeliveredtwoaddressesthereduringtheJubileeweek.Thefirstofthese,andtheprincipalone,wasgivenintheAuditorium,ontheeveningofSunday,October16.ThiswasthelargestaudiencethatIhaveeveraddressed,inanypartofthecountry;andbesidesspeakinginthemainAuditorium,Ialsoaddressed,thatsameevening,twooverflowaudiencesinotherpartsofthecity.在美西战争结束后全国普遍欢庆之际,几个大城市安排了和平庆典。芝加哥大学校长威廉·R·哈珀先生(他是芝加哥庆祝活动邀请委员会主席)邀请我在那里的庆典上发表演讲。我接受了邀请,并在欢庆周的期间在芝加哥发表了两次演讲。第一次演讲,也是主要的一次,在10月16日星期日晚上于阿斯特拉大厅举行。这是我有史以来在全国各地所面对的最大规模的听众;除了在主大厅演讲外,那天晚上我还分别在城市的其他两个地方向两组溢出的观众发表了讲话。ItwassaidthatthereweresixteenthousandpersonsintheAuditorium,anditseemedtomeasiftherewereasmanymoreontheoutsidetryingtogetin.Itwasimpossibleforanyonetogetneartheentrancewithouttheaidofapoliceman.PresidentWilliamMcKinleyattendedthismeeting,asdidalsothemembersofhisCabinet,manyforeignministers,andalargenumberofarmyandnavyofficers,manyofwhomhaddistinguishedthemselvesinthewarwhichhadjustclosed.Thespeakers,besidesmyself,onSundayevening,wereRabbiEmilG.Hirsch,FatherThomasP.Hodnett,andDr.JohnH.Barrows.据说礼堂内有16000人,而在我看来,外面还有同样多的人试图挤进来。没有警察的帮助,任何人都无法靠近入口。威廉·麦金莱总统出席了此次会议,他的内阁成员以及许多外国使节也参加了会议,还有大量的陆军和海军军官,其中许多人曾在刚刚结束的战争中表现出色。除了我在周日晚上的演讲外,其他演讲者还有埃米尔·G·赫希拉比、托马斯·P·霍德尼特神父和约翰·H·巴洛斯博士。TheChicagoTimes-Herald,indescribingthemeeting,saidofmyaddress:—《芝加哥先驱论坛报》在描述这次会议时,对我的演讲评论道:HepicturedtheNegrochoosingslaveryratherthanextinction;recalledCrispusAttuckssheddinghisbloodatthebeginningoftheAmericanRevolution,thatwhiteAmericansmightbefree,whileblackAmericansremainedinslavery;rehearsedtheconductoftheNegroeswithJacksonatNewOrleans;drewavividandpatheticpictureoftheSouthernslavesprotectingandsupportingthefamiliesoftheirmasterswhilethelatterwerefightingtoperpetuateblackslavery;recountedthebraveryofcolouredtroopsatPortHudsonandFortsWagnerandPillow,andpraisedtheheroismoftheblackregimentsthatstormedElCaneyandSantiagotogivefreedomtotheenslavedpeopleofCuba,forgetting,forthetimebeing,theunjustdiscriminationthatlawandcustommakeagainstthemintheirowncountry.他设想黑人宁愿选择奴役也不愿灭绝;回忆起克利斯普斯·阿蒂克斯在美国革命初期洒下热血,让白人美国人获得自由,而黑人美国人仍处于奴隶制之下;重温了新奥尔良战役中黑人士兵与杰克逊的合作;描绘了一幅生动感人的画面,南方的奴隶在主人为维护黑人奴隶制而战斗时,保护并支持主人的家庭;讲述了海港圣胡安和瓦格纳堡及皮洛堡的有色部队的勇敢表现,并赞扬了冲向埃尔卡尼和圣地亚哥的黑人军团的英雄主义,这些黑人军团为古巴被奴役的人民赢得了自由;然而,在这一刻,他暂时忘记了法律和习俗对他们自己国家的不公正歧视。Inallofthesethings,thespeakerdeclared,hisracehadchosenthebetterpart.AndthenhemadehiseloquentappealtotheconsciencesofthewhiteAmericans:"WhenyouhavegottenthefullstoryoftheheroicconductoftheNegrointheSpanish-Americanwar,havehearditfromthelipsofNorthernsoldierandSouthernsoldier,fromex-abolitionistandex-masters,thendecidewithinyourselveswhetheraracethatisthuswillingtodieforitscountryshouldnotbegiventhehighestopportunitytoliveforitscountry."在所有这些事情上,演讲者宣称,他的种族选择了更好的一方。接着,他向美国白人同胞发出了富有感染力的呼吁:“当你完全了解了黑人在美西战争中的英勇表现,从北方士兵和南方士兵的口中听到,从前废奴主义者和前主人那里听到之后,再自行决定这样一个愿意为国家献出生命的种族,是否不应获得为国家最高理想而奋斗的机会。”ThepartofthespeechwhichseemstoarousethewildestandmostsensationalenthusiasmwasthatinwhichIthankedthePresidentforhisrecognitionoftheNegroinhisappointmentsduringtheSpanish-Americanwar.ThePresidentwassittinginaboxattherightofthestage.WhenIaddressedhimIturnedtowardthebox,andasIfinishedthesentencethankinghimforhisgenerosity,thewholeaudienceroseandcheeredagainandagain,wavinghandkerchiefsandhatsandcanes,untilthePresidentaroseintheboxandbowedhisacknowledgements.Atthattheenthusiasmbrokeoutagain,andthedemonstrationwasalmostindescribable.演讲中最能激起狂热和最轰动热情的部分,是我感谢总统在美西战争期间在他的任命中承认了黑人的那一部分。总统当时正坐在舞台右侧的一个包厢里。当我向他说话时,我转向那个包厢,当我结束感谢他慷慨的话语时,整个观众席都站了起来,一次又一次地欢呼,挥舞着手帕、帽子和手杖,直到总统在包厢里站起来鞠躬致谢。这时,热情再次爆发出来,这场面几乎难以用语言形容。OneportionofmyaddressatChicagoseemedtohavebeenmisunderstoodbytheSouthernpress,andsomeoftheSouthernpaperstookoccasiontocriticisemeratherstrongly.Thesecriticismscontinuedforseveralweeks,untilIfinallyreceivedaletterfromtheeditoroftheAge-Herald,publishedinBirmingham,Ala.,askingmeifIwouldsayjustwhatImeantbythispartoftheaddress.Irepliedtohiminaletterwhichseemedtosatisfymycritics.InthisletterIsaidthatIhadmadeitarulenevertosaybeforeaNorthernaudienceanythingthatIwouldnotsaybeforeanaudienceintheSouth.IsaidthatIdidnotthinkitwasnecessaryformetogointoextendedexplanations;ifmyseventeenyearsofworkintheheartoftheSouthhadnotbeenexplanationenough,Ididnotseehowwordscouldexplain.IsaidthatImadethesamepleathatIhadmadeinmyaddressatAtlanta,fortheblottingoutofraceprejudicein"commercialandcivilrelations."IsaidthatwhatistermedsocialrecognitionwasaquestionwhichIneverdiscussed,andthenIquotedfrommyAtlantaaddresswhatIhadsaidthereinregardtothatsubject.我在芝加哥的演讲中有一部分内容似乎被南方媒体误解了,一些南方报纸借此机会对我进行了相当强烈的批评。这些批评持续了几个星期,直到我最终收到了阿拉巴马州伯明翰出版的《Age-Herald》编辑写给我的一封信,他问我是否可以明确说明我对这段演讲内容的意思。我给他回了一封信,这似乎满足了我的批评者。在这封信中,我说过我有一个原则,即永远不会在北方听众面前说我不愿意在南方听众面前说的话。我说我不认为有必要进行过多的解释;如果我在南方核心地区十七年的努力工作还不足以作为解释,我不知道用语言如何能够解释清楚。我说我重申了我在亚特兰大演讲中提出的请求,即消除“商业和民事关系”中的种族偏见。我说所谓的社交认可是一个我从未讨论过的问题,并引用了我在亚特兰大演讲中关于该主题所说的话。Inmeetingcrowdsofpeopleatpublicgatherings,thereisonetypeofindividualthatIdread.Imeanthecrank.IhavebecomesoaccustomedtothesepeoplenowthatIcanpickthemoutatadistancewhenIseethemelbowingtheirwayuptome.Theaveragecrankhasalongbeard,poorlycaredfor,alean,narrowface,andwearsablackcoat.Thefrontofhisvestandcoatareslickwithgrease,andhistrousersbagattheknees.在公共集会上遇到人群时,有一种人是我最害怕的。我是说那些怪人。我现在已经非常习惯这些人了,当我看到他们在人群中推开别人向我靠近时,我可以从远处就认出他们。普通怪人通常留着长胡子,没有好好打理,瘦削的脸庞显得狭长,穿着黑色外套。他的背心和外套前襟因油渍而发亮,裤子膝盖处会松垮下垂。InChicago,afterIhadspokenatameeting,Imetoneofthesefellows.Theyusuallyhavesomeprocessforcuringalloftheillsoftheworldatonce.ThisChicagospecimenhadapatentprocessbywhichhesaidIndiancorncouldbekeptthroughaperiodofthreeorfouryears,andhefeltsurethatiftheNegroraceintheSouthwould,asawhole,adopthisprocess,itwouldsettlethewholeracequestion.ItmatterednothingthatItriedtoconvincehimthatourpresentproblemwastoteachtheNegroeshowtoproduceenoughcorntolastthemthroughoneyear.AnotherChicagocrankhadaschemebywhichhewantedmetojoinhiminanefforttocloseupalltheNationalbanksinthecountry.Ifthatwasdone,hefeltsureitwouldputtheNegroonhisfeet.在芝加哥,我在一次会议上演讲结束后遇到了其中一个这样的人。他们通常有一些方法可以一次性治愈世界上所有的疾病。这个芝加哥的家伙有一种专利方法,他说可以用这种方法保存印度玉米长达三到四年,并且他确信如果南方的整个黑人群体都采用他的方法,这将解决整个种族问题。不管我怎么试图说服他,我们的当前问题是教会黑人如何生产足够的玉米来维持他们一年的生活。另一个芝加哥的怪人有一个计划,他想让我加入他,努力关闭全国的所有银行。如果这样做的话,他确信这会让黑人站起来。Thenumberofpeoplewhostandreadytoconsumeone'stime,tonopurpose,isalmostcountless.AtonetimeIspokebeforealargeaudienceinBostonintheevening.ThenextmorningIwasawakenedbyhavingacardbroughttomyroom,andwithitamessagethatsomeonewasanxioustoseeme.Thinkingthatitmustbesomethingveryimportant,Idressedhastilyandwentdown.WhenIreachedthehotelofficeIfoundablankandinnocent-lookingindividualwaitingforme,whocoollyremarked:"Iheardyoutalkatameetinglastnight.Iratherlikedyourtalk,andsoIcameinthismorningtohearyoutalksomemore."随时准备浪费你时间的人几乎数不胜数。有一次,我在波士顿晚上向一大群听众发表演讲。第二天早上,有人送了一张卡片到我的房间,并附带一个消息说有个人急切地想见我。我以为一定是非常重要的事情,于是匆匆忙忙地穿好衣服下楼去了。当我到达酒店大堂时,我发现一个看起来平淡无奇的个体正在等着我,他冷静地说:“昨晚我听了你在会议上的讲话。我很喜欢你的讲话,所以今天早上我来听你再多讲一些。”IamoftenaskedhowitispossibleformetosuperintendtheworkatTuskegeeandatthesametimebesomuchawayfromtheschool.InpartialanswertothisIwouldsaythatIthinkIhavelearned,insomedegreeatleast,todisregardtheoldmaximwhichsays,"Donotgetotherstodothatwhichyoucandoyourself."Mymotto,ontheotherhand,is,"Donotdothatwhichotherscandoaswell."我经常被问到,我怎么能同时管理塔斯基吉的工作并花这么多时间离开学校。作为对此问题的部分回答,我想说我至少已经学会了一点,不再遵循那条古老的格言:“不要让别人去做你能自己做的事。”相反,我的座右铭是,“不要去做别人也能做好的事。”OneofthemostencouragingsignsinconnectionwiththeTuskegeeschoolisfoundinthefactthattheorganizationissothoroughthatthedailyworkoftheschoolisnotdependentuponthepresenceofanyoneindividual.Thewholeexecutiveforce,includinginstructorsandclerks,nownumberseighty-six.Thisforceissoorganizedandsubdividedthatthemachineryoftheschoolgoesondaybydaylikeclockwork.Mostofourteachershavebeenconnectedwiththeinstitutionsforanumberofyears,andareasmuchinterestedinitasIam.Inmyabsence,Mr.WarrenLogan,thetreasurer,whohasbeenattheschoolseventeenyears,istheexecutive.HeisefficientlysupportedbyMrs.Washington,andbymyfaithfulsecretary,Mr.EmmettJ.Scott,whohandlesthebulkofmycorrespondenceandkeepsmeindailytouchwiththelifeoftheschool,andwhoalsokeepsmeinformedofwhatevertakesplaceintheSouththatconcernstherace.Iowemoretohistact,wisdom,andhardworkthanIcandescribe.塔斯奇基学校的最令人鼓舞的迹象之一在于,其组织体系非常完善,以至于学校日常工作的运转并不依赖于任何一个人的存在。整个行政团队,包括教师和职员,现在共有八十六人。这个团队组织严密且分工明确,学校的运作就像钟表一样有条不紊地进行着。我们的大多数老师已经与这所学校合作多年,他们对学校的关心程度和我一样深。在我缺席期间,担任财务主管的沃伦·洛根先生,已经在学校工作了十七年,他是学校的执行负责人。他得到了华盛顿夫人以及我忠实的秘书埃米特·J·斯科特先生的高效支持,斯科特先生负责处理我的大部分信件,并使我每天都能了解学校的生活情况,他还及时向我报告南方发生的任何涉及种族的问题。我对他的机智、智慧和辛勤工作所给予的支持感到难以言表。Themainexecutiveworkoftheschool,whetherIamatTuskegeeornot,centresinwhatwecalltheexecutivecouncil.Thiscouncilmeetstwiceaweek,andiscomposedoftheninepersonswhoareattheheadoftheninedepartmentsoftheschool.Forexample:Mrs.B.K.Bruce,theLadyPrincipal,thewidowofthelateex-senatorBruce,isamemberofthecouncil,andrepresentsinitallthatpertainstothelifeofthegirlsattheschool.Inadditiontotheexecutivecouncilthereisafinancialcommitteeofsix,thatmeetseveryweekanddecidesupontheexpendituresfortheweek.Onceamonth,andsometimesoftener,thereisageneralmeetingofalltheinstructors.Asidefromthesethereareinnumerablesmallermeetings,suchasthatoftheinstructorsinthePhelpsHallBibleTrainingSchool,oroftheinstructorsintheagriculturaldepartment.学校的主要管理工作,无论我在塔斯基奇是否在场,都集中在我们所说的执行委员会。该委员会每周召开两次会议,由学校的九个部门负责人组成。例如:布里斯科夫人(B.K.Bruce),女校长,已故前参议员布鲁斯的遗孀,在委员会中代表学校女生生活的一切事务。除了执行委员会外,还有一个由六人组成的财务委员会,每周开会一次,决定当周的支出。每个月,有时更频繁,所有教师会召开全体会议。除此之外,还有无数小型会议,比如PhelpsHall圣经培训学校的教师会议,或者农业系的教师会议。InorderthatImaykeepinconstanttouchwiththelifeoftheinstitution,Ihaveasystemofreportssoarrangedthatarecordoftheschool'sworkreachesmeeverydayoftheyear,nomatterinwhatpartofthecountryIam.Iknowbythesereportsevenwhatstudentsareexcusedfromschool,andwhytheyareexcused—whetherforreasonsofillhealthorotherwise.ThroughthemediumofthesereportsIknoweachdaywhattheincomeoftheschoolinmoneyis;Iknowhowmanygallonsofmilkandhowmanypoundsofbuttercomefromthedairy;whatthebilloffarefortheteachersandstudentsis;whetheracertainkindofmeatwasboiledorbaked,andwhethercertainvegetablesservedinthediningroomwereboughtfromastoreorprocuredfromourownfarm.HumannatureIfindtobeverymuchthesametheworldover,anditissometimesnothardtoyieldtothetemptationtogotoabarrelofricethathascomefromthestore—withthegrainallpreparedtogointhepot—ratherthantotakethetimeandtroubletogotothefieldanddigandwashone'sownsweetpotatoes,whichmightbepreparedinamannertotaketheplaceoftherice.为了能随时了解学校的运作情况,我设计了一套报告系统,这样每天不管我在国家的哪个地方,都会有一份学校工作的记录呈现在我面前。通过这些报告,我甚至知道哪些学生因何事请假——是因为身体不适还是其他原因。借助这些报告,我每天都能了解学校的财务收入;我知道牛奶和黄油从奶场送来多少;师生的膳食菜单是什么;某种肉是煮的还是烤的,餐厅供应的某些蔬菜是从商店购买的还是来自我们自己的农场。我发现人性在世界各地都差不多,有时很难抗拒诱惑,去拿一桶已经准备好的从商店来的米,而不是花时间和精力去田里挖并清洗自己种植的红薯,后者同样可以做成替代米饭的食物。Iamoftenaskedhow,inthemidstofsomuchwork,alargepartofwhichisforthepublic,Icanfindtimeforanyrestorrecreation,andwhatkindofrecreationorsportsIamfondof.Thisisratheradifficultquestiontoanswer.Ihaveastrongfeelingthateveryindividualowesittohimself,andtothecausewhichheisserving,tokeepavigorous,healthybody,withthenervessteadyandstrong,preparedforgreateffortsandpreparedfordisappointmentsandtryingpositions.AsfarasIcan,Imakeitaruletoplanforeachday'swork—notmerelytogothroughwiththesameroutineofdailyduties,buttogetridoftheroutineworkasearlyinthedayaspossible,andthentoenteruponsomeneworadvancework.Imakeitaruletoclearmydeskeveryday,beforeleavingmyoffice,ofallcorrespondenceandmemoranda,sothatonthemorrowIcanbeginanewdayofwork.Imakeitarulenevertoletmyworkdriveme,buttosomasterit,andkeepitinsuchcompletecontrol,andtokeepsofaraheadofit,thatIwillbethemasterinsteadoftheservant.Thereisaphysicalandmentalandspiritualenjoymentthatcomesfromaconsciousnessofbeingtheabsolutemasterofone'swork,inallitsdetails,thatisverysatisfactoryandinspiring.Myexperienceteachesmethat,ifonelearnstofollowthisplan,hegetsafreshnessofbodyandvigourofmindoutofworkthatgoesalongwaytowardkeepinghimstrongandhealthy.Ibelievethatwhenonecangrowtothepointwhereheloveshiswork,thisgiveshimakindofstrengththatismostvaluable.我经常被问到,在如此繁重的工作中,其中很大一部分是为公众服务的,我如何能找到时间休息或娱乐,以及我喜欢什么样的娱乐或运动。这是一个相当难以回答的问题。我有一种强烈的感受,即每一个人都有责任对自己,以及自己所服务的事业,保持一个强健的身体,神经稳定而有力,准备好应对巨大的努力,并准备好面对失望和困难的局面。只要是我能做到的,我都尽量制定每天的工作计划——不仅仅是例行公事般地完成日常职责,而是尽早摆脱日常事务,然后开始一些新的或前瞻性的任务。我养成了每天离开办公室前清理办公桌的习惯,把所有的信件和备忘录都处理完毕,这样第二天我可以从全新的工作开始。我坚持不让工作驱使我,而是要完全掌控它,让它始终在我的控制之下,并且远远领先于它,以便成为主人而不是仆人。有一种身体、精神和灵魂上的享受来自于对自己工作的每个细节都绝对掌控的意识,这种感觉非常令人满意和鼓舞。我的经验告诉我,如果一个人学会遵循这个计划,他会从工作中获得一种新鲜感和思维活力,这有助于他保持强壮和健康。我相信,当一个人能够成长到热爱自己的工作时,这会给他一种极其宝贵的力量。WhenIbeginmyworkinthemorning,Iexpecttohaveasuccessfulandpleasantdayofit,butatthesametimeIpreparemyselfforunpleasantandunexpectedhardplaces.Ipreparedmyselftohearthatoneofourschoolbuildingsisonfire,orhasburned,orthatsomedisagreeableaccidenthasoccurred,orthatsomeonehasabusedmeinapublicaddressorprintedarticle,forsomethingthatIhavedoneoromittedtodo,orforsomethingthathehadheardthatIhadsaid—probablysomethingthatIhadneverthoughtofsaying.当我早晨开始工作的时候,我希望这一天能顺利愉快地度过,但与此同时我也做好了面对不愉快和意想不到的困难的准备。我已准备好听到我们学校的一栋建筑着火了,或者已经烧毁了,或者发生了什么令人不快的事故,或者有人在公开演讲或印刷的文章中批评我所做的事,或者是我遗漏未做的事,又或者是因为他听说我说过的话——很可能是一些我从未想过说过的话。InnineteenyearsofcontinuousworkIhavetakenbutonevacation.Thatwastwoyearsago,whensomeofmyfriendsputthemoneyintomyhandsandforcedMrs.WashingtonandmyselftospendthreemonthsinEurope.IhavesaidthatIbelieveitisthedutyofeveryonetokeephisbodyingoodcondition.Itrytolookafterthelittleills,withtheideathatifItakecareofthelittleillsthebigoneswillnotcome.WhenIfindmyselfunabletosleepwell,Iknowthatsomethingiswrong.IfIfindanypartofmysystemtheleastweak,andnotperformingitsduty,Iconsultagoodphysician.Theabilitytosleepwell,atanytimeandinanyplace,Ifindofgreatadvantage.IhavesotrainedmyselfthatIcanliedownforanapoffifteenortwentyminutes,andgetuprefreshedinbodyandmind.十九年来,我一直都在工作,只休过一次假。那是两年前,我的一些朋友把钱塞到我手里,强迫我和华盛顿夫人去欧洲度过了三个月。我已经说过,我认为每个人都应该保持身体的良好状态。我努力照顾小病小痛,认为这样就能避免大病。当我发现自己睡不好觉时,我知道出了问题。如果我发现自己的任何系统稍微有些虚弱,不能正常运作,我会去看一位好医生。任何时候、任何地方都能睡个好觉的能力对我来说非常有帮助。我已经训练自己,可以小憩十五到二十分钟,然后起来感觉身体和精神都得到了恢复。IhavesaidthatImakeitaruletofinishupeachday'sworkbeforeleavingit.Thereis,perhaps,oneexceptiontothis.WhenIhaveanunusuallydifficultquestiontodecide—onethatappealsstronglytotheemotions—Ifinditasaferuletosleepoveritforanight,ortowaituntilIhavehadanopportunitytotalkitoverwithmywifeandfriends.我说过,我有个习惯,在结束一天的工作之前,总是把它完成。也许,这里有一个例外。当我遇到一个特别棘手的问题需要决定——一个问题强烈地触动了我的情感——我发现遵守这样一个规则是安全的:先搁置一晚,或者等到有机会和我的妻子及朋友讨论后再做决定。Astomyreading;themosttimeIgetforsolidreadingiswhenIamonthecars.Newspapersaretomeaconstantsourceofdelightandrecreation.TheonlytroubleisthatIreadtoomanyofthem.FictionIcarelittlefor.FrequentlyIhavetoalmostforcemyselftoreadanovelthatisoneveryone'slips.ThekindofreadingthatIhavethegreatestfondnessforisbiography.IliketobesurethatIamreadingaboutarealmanorarealthing.IthinkIdonotgotoofarwhenIsaythatIhavereadnearlyeverybookandmagazinearticlethathasbeenwrittenaboutAbrahamLincoln.Inliteratureheismypatronsaint.至于我的阅读;我能够集中时间进行深度阅读的时候,大多是在乘坐交通工具的时候。报纸对我来说始终是一种愉悦和娱乐的源泉。唯一的麻烦是,我读的报纸太多了。我对小说兴趣不大。经常地,我几乎要强迫自己去读那些人人热议的小说。我最喜欢阅读的类型是传记。我喜欢确定我在阅读的是一个真实的人或真实的事情。我想我并不过分,当我可以说我已经读过几乎所有关于亚伯拉罕·林肯的书和杂志文章。在文学中,他就是我的守护圣人。OutofthetwelvemonthsinayearIsupposethat,onanaverage,IspendsixmonthsawayfromTuskegee.Whilemybeingabsentfromtheschoolsomuchunquestionablyhasitsdisadvantages,yetthereareatthesametimesomecompensations.Thechangeofworkbringsacertainkindofrest.Ienjoyarideofalongdistanceonthecars,whenIampermittedtoridewhereIcanbecomfortable.Igetrestonthecars,exceptwhentheinevitableindividualwhoseemstobeoneverytrainapproachesmewiththenowfamiliarphrase:"Isn'tthisBookerWashington?Iwanttointroducemyselftoyou."Absencefromtheschoolenablesmetolosesightoftheunimportantdetailsofthework,andstudyitinabroaderandmorecomprehensivemannerthanIcoulddoonthegrounds.Thisabsencealsobringsmeintocontactwiththebestworkbeingdoneineducationallines,andintocontactwiththebesteducatorsintheland.一年有十二个月,我想平均起来,我有六个月的时间不在塔斯基吉。虽然我的长期不在学校无疑有一些缺点,但同时也有一定的补偿。工作的变换带来某种意义上的休息。当允许我坐在舒适的车厢里时,我喜欢长途旅行。在火车上我可以得到休息,除非那个不可避免的个体,似乎每趟列车上都有他的身影,他用现在熟悉的短语靠近我:“这不是BookerWashington吗?我想向你自我介绍。”离开学校使我能够忽略工作中的不重要细节,以一种比在学校时更广泛、更全面的方式研究它。这种缺席也使我接触到教育领域最好的工作,以及全国最优秀的教育者。But,afterallthisissaid,thetimewhenIgetthemostsolidrestandrecreationiswhenIcanbeatTuskegee,and,afteroureveningmealisover,cansitdown,asisourcustom,withmywifeandPortiaandBakerandDavidson,mythreechildren,andreadastory,oreachtaketurnsintellingastory.Tomethereisnothingonearthequaltothat,althoughwhatisnearlyequaltoitistogowiththemforanhourormore,asweliketodoonSundayafternoons,intothewoods,wherewecanliveforawhileneartheheartofnature,wherenoonecandisturborvexus,surroundedbypureair,thetrees,theshrubbery,theflowers,andthesweetfragrancethatspringsfromahundredplants,enjoyingthechirpofthecricketsandthesongsofthebirds.Thisissolidrest.但是,在所有这些话之后,我得到最坚实休息和娱乐的时间就是我能来到塔斯基吉的时候,晚饭过后,像我们习惯的那样,和我的妻子波尔蒂亚、贝克和戴维森——我的三个孩子坐下来,读一个故事,或者每人轮流讲一个故事。对我来说,世上没有什么能比得上这个,尽管几乎能与之媲美的就是在星期天下午,和他们一起出去一两个小时,就像我们喜欢做的那样,走进树林,我们可以暂时生活在大自然的怀抱中,没有人能打扰或困扰我们,周围是纯净的空气、树木、灌木丛、花朵以及从上百种植物散发出的甜美芬芳,享受蟋蟀的鸣叫和鸟儿的歌声。这才是真正的休息。Mygarden,also,whatlittletimeIcanbeatTuskegee,isanothersourceofrestandenjoyment.SomehowIlike,asoftenaspossible,totouchnature,notsomethingthatisartificialoranimitation,buttherealthing.WhenIcanleavemyofficeintimesothatIcanspendthirtyorfortyminutesinspadingtheground,inplantingseeds,indiggingabouttheplants,IfeelthatIamcomingintocontactwithsomethingthatisgivingmestrengthforthemanydutiesandhardplacesthatawaitmeoutinthebigworld.Ipitythemanorwomanwhohasneverlearnedtoenjoynatureandtogetstrengthandinspirationoutofit.我的花园,只要我在塔斯基奇能抽出一点时间,也是休息和享受的另一个来源。不知为何,我尽可能经常地喜欢接触自然,不是人工的东西或仿制品,而是真实的事物。当我能及时离开办公室,花三四十分钟翻土、播种、整理植物时,我觉得自己正在接触一些给我力量去面对外面广阔世界中众多职责和艰难处境的东西。我同情那些从未学会享受自然并从中获得力量和灵感的人。Asidefromthelargenumberoffowlsandanimalskeptbytheschool,Ikeepindividuallyanumberofpigsandfowlsofthebestgrades,andinraisingtheseItakeagreatdealofpleasure.Ithinkthepigismyfavouriteanimal.Fewthingsaremoresatisfactorytomethanahigh-gradeBerkshireorPolandChinapig.除了学校饲养的大批家禽和牲畜外,我自己还饲养了一些优质品种的猪和家禽,我对这些饲养工作感到非常愉快。我认为猪是我最喜欢的动物。没有什么比一头优质的伯克郡猪或波兰华猪更让我满意的了。GamesIcarelittlefor.Ihaveneverseenagameoffootball.IncardsIdonotknowonecardfromanother.Agameofold-fashionedmarbleswithmytwoboys,onceinawhile,isallIcareforinthisdirection.IsupposeIwouldcareforgamesnowifIhadhadanytimeinmyyouthtogivetothem,butthatwasnotpossible.我对游戏不太感兴趣。我从未看过一场足球比赛。至于扑克牌,我分不清一张牌和另一张牌的区别。偶尔和我的两个男孩玩一场老式的弹珠游戏就是我在这一方面所关心的全部了。我想,如果我年轻时有时间投入到游戏中,我现在可能会喜欢游戏,但那是不可能的。