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在我负责哈姆普顿的印第安人和夜校期间，我也在那里的教员指导下继续学习。其中一位教员是现任哈姆普顿学院院长H.B.Frissell牧师博士，他是GeneralArmstrong的继任者。InMay,1881,nearthecloseofmyfirstyearinteachingthenight-school,inawaythatIhadnotdaredexpect,theopportunityopenedformetobeginmylife-work.Onenightinthechapel,aftertheusualchapelexerciseswereover,GeneralArmstrongreferredtothefactthathehadreceivedaletterfromsomegentlemeninAlabamaaskinghimtorecommendsomeonetotakechargeofwhatwastobeanormalschoolforthecolouredpeopleinthelittletownofTuskegeeinthatstate.Thesegentlemenseemedtotakeitforgrantedthatnocolouredmansuitableforthepositioncouldbesecured,andtheywereexpectingtheGeneraltorecommendawhitemanfortheplace.ThenextdayGeneralArmstrongsentformetocometohisoffice,and,muchtomysurprise,askedmeifIthoughtIcouldfillthepositioninAlabama.ItoldhimthatIwouldbewillingtotry.Accordingly,hewrotetothepeoplewhohadappliedtohimfortheinformation,thathedidnotknowofanywhitemantosuggest,butiftheywouldbewillingtotakeacolouredman,hehadonewhomhecouldrecommend.Inthisletterhegavethemmyname.1881年5月，在我第一年教授夜校即将结束的时候，一个我未曾料到的机会向我展开了，使我得以开始我的毕生事业。一天晚上，在小教堂里，晚间的例行活动结束后，阿姆斯特朗将军提到他收到了一封来自亚拉巴马州几位绅士的信，他们请求他推荐一个人来负责该州塔斯基吉小镇上即将成立的有色人种师范学校。这些绅士似乎认为无法找到合适的有色人种担任此职位，并期望将军推荐一位白人来填补这个位置。第二天，阿姆斯特朗将军让我去他的办公室，并且令我十分惊讶的是，他问我是否认为我可以胜任亚拉巴马州的这个职位。我告诉他我愿意尝试。于是，他给那些寻求信息的人写了一封信，说他不认识适合推荐的白人，但如果他们愿意接受一名有色人种，他可以推荐一个人。在这封信中，他提到了我的名字。Severaldayspassedbeforeanythingmorewasheardaboutthematter.Sometimeafterward,oneSundayeveningduringthechapelexercises,amessengercameinandhandedthegeneralatelegram.Attheendoftheexerciseshereadthetelegramtotheschool.Insubstance,thesewereitswords:"BookerT.Washingtonwillsuitus.Sendhimatonce."几天过去了，关于这件事没有再听到更多的消息。一段时间之后，一个星期日晚上，在小教堂的集会活动中，一位信使进来递给校长一份电报。在集会结束时，他向全校宣读了电报的内容。其大致内容如下：“布克·T·华盛顿很适合我们。请立即送他过来。”Therewasagreatdealofjoyexpressedamongthestudentsandteachers,andIreceivedveryheartycongratulations.IbegantogetreadyatoncetogotoTuskegee.IwentbywayofmyoldhomeinWestVirginia,whereIremainedforseveraldays,afterwhichIproceededtoTuskegee.IfoundTuskegeetobeatownofabouttwothousandinhabitants,nearlyone-halfofwhomwerecoloured.ItwasinwhatwasknownastheBlackBeltoftheSouth.InthecountyinwhichTuskegeeissituatedthecolouredpeopleoutnumberedthewhitesbyaboutthreetoone.Insomeoftheadjoiningandnear-bycountiestheproportionwasnotfarfromsixcolouredpersonstoonewhite.学生们和老师们表现出了极大的喜悦，我也收到了非常热烈的祝贺。我立刻开始准备前往塔斯克基。我途经我在西弗吉尼亚的老家，在那里停留了几天，之后继续前往塔斯克基。我发现塔斯克基是一个大约有两千居民的城镇，其中将近一半是黑人。它位于南方被称为黑带地区的地方。塔斯克基所在的县中，黑人人口比白人多出大约三比一。在邻近的一些县里，比例接近六个黑人对一个白人。Ihaveoftenbeenaskedtodefinetheterm"BlackBelt."SofarasIcanlearn,thetermwasfirstusedtodesignateapartofthecountrywhichwasdistinguishedbythecolourofthesoil.Thepartofthecountrypossessingthisthick,dark,andnaturallyrichsoilwas,ofcourse,thepartoftheSouthwheretheslavesweremostprofitable,andconsequentlytheyweretakenthereinthelargestnumbers.Later,andespeciallysincethewar,thetermseemstobeusedwhollyinapoliticalsense—thatis,todesignatethecountieswheretheblackpeopleoutnumberthewhite.我经常被问到如何定义“黑带”这个术语。据我所知，“黑带”一词最早是用来指代一个土壤颜色特殊的地区。这个国家的这片区域拥有深厚、深色且自然肥沃的土壤，当然，这也是南方奴隶利润最高的地方，因此那里的奴隶人数也最多。后来，特别是在战争之后，这个词似乎完全被用于政治意义上——也就是说，用来指代黑人数量超过白人的县。BeforegoingtoTuskegeeIhadexpectedtofindthereabuildingandallthenecessaryapparatusreadyformetobeginteaching.Tomydisappointment,Ifoundnothingofthekind.Ididfind,though,thatwhichnocostlybuildingandapparatuscansupply,—hundredsofhungry,earnestsoulswhowantedtosecureknowledge.去塔斯克基之前，我本以为会找到一座已经建好的建筑和所有必要的设备，让我可以开始教学。令我失望的是，什么都没有。然而，我也发现了那些无价之宝——成百上千渴望知识、热切求知的灵魂。Tuskegeeseemedanidealplacefortheschool.ItwasinthemidstofthegreatbulkoftheNegropopulation,andwasrathersecluded,beingfivemilesfromthemainlineofrailroad,withwhichitwasconnectedbyashortline.Duringthedaysofslavery,andsince,thetownhadbeenacentrefortheeducationofthewhitepeople.Thiswasanaddedadvantage,forthereasonthatIfoundthewhitepeoplepossessingadegreeofcultureandeducationthatisnotsurpassedbymanylocalities.Whilethecolouredpeoplewereignorant,theyhadnot,asarule,degradedandweakenedtheirbodiesbyvicessuchasarecommontothelowerclassofpeopleinthelargecities.Ingeneral,Ifoundtherelationsbetweenthetworacespleasant.Forexample,thelargest,andIthinkatthattimetheonlyhardwarestoreinthetownwasownedandoperatedjointlybyacolouredmanandawhiteman.Thiscopartnershipcontinueduntilthedeathofthewhitepartner.塔斯基吉似乎是一个开办学校的理想之地。它位于广大黑人人口的中心地带，而且相当偏僻，距离主要铁路线五英里远，只有一条短线路将其与铁路连接起来。在奴隶制时期以及之后，这个镇一直是白人教育的中心。这是一个额外的优势，因为我在白人当中发现了一定的文化和教育水平，这在许多地方都不逊色。虽然黑人无知，但总的来说，他们没有像大城市里的下层阶级那样因恶习而削弱和损害他们的身体。总体而言，我发现两个种族之间的关系是融洽的。例如，镇上最大的，我想当时唯一的五金店是由一位有色人种和一位白人共同拥有并经营的。这种合作关系一直持续到白人合伙人去世。IfoundthataboutayearprevioustomygoingtoTuskegeesomeofthecolouredpeoplewhohadheardsomethingoftheworkofeducationbeingdoneatHamptonhadappliedtothestateLegislature,throughtheirrepresentatives,forasmallappropriationtobeusedinstartinganormalschoolinTuskegee.ThisrequesttheLegislaturehadcompliedwithtotheextentofgrantinganannualappropriationoftwothousanddollars.Isoonlearned,however,thatthismoneycouldbeusedonlyforthepaymentofthesalariesoftheinstructors,andthattherewasnoprovisionforsecuringland,buildings,orapparatus.Thetaskbeforemedidnotseemaveryencouragingone.Itseemedmuchlikemakingbrickswithoutstraw.Thecolouredpeoplewereoverjoyed,andwereconstantlyofferingtheirservicesinanywayinwhichtheycouldbeofassistanceingettingtheschoolstarted.我发现，在我去塔斯克基之前大约一年，一些听说了汉普顿教育工作进展的有色人种通过他们的代表向州立法机构申请了一小笔拨款，用于在塔斯克基创办一所师范学校。立法机构对此请求做出了回应，每年拨款两千美元。然而，我很快了解到，这笔钱只能用来支付教师的工资，没有资金用于购置土地、建造房屋或购买设备。摆在面前的任务似乎并不乐观。这就好比是无米之炊。有色人种都非常兴奋，并且不断主动提出他们可以以各种方式协助学校启动。Myfirsttaskwastofindaplaceinwhichtoopentheschool.Afterlookingthetownoverwithsomecare,themostsuitableplacethatcouldbesecuredseemedtobearatherdilapidatedshantynearthecolouredMethodistchurch,togetherwiththechurchitselfasasortofassembly-room.Boththechurchandtheshantywereinaboutasbadconditionaswaspossible.IrecallthatduringthefirstmonthsofschoolthatItaughtinthisbuildingitwasinsuchpoorrepairthat,wheneveritrained,oneoftheolderstudentswouldverykindlyleavehislessonsandholdanumbrellaovermewhileIheardtherecitationsoftheothers.Iremember,also,thatonmorethanoneoccasionmylandladyheldanumbrellaovermewhileIatebreakfast.我的第一项任务是找一个地方来开办学校。经过仔细考察这个城镇之后，似乎能找到的最合适的地点是靠近有色人种卫理公会教堂的一间相当破旧的小屋，以及该教堂本身作为某种集会室。这座教堂和小屋都处于尽可能糟糕的状态。我记得在我最初几个月在这栋建筑里教书的时候，由于它维修状况极差，每当下雨时，一位年长的学生都会非常体贴地放下功课，撑着伞为我遮雨，而我则继续听其他学生的背诵。我还记得不止一次，房东太太在我吃早餐时为我撑着伞。AtthetimeIwenttoAlabamathecolouredpeopleweretakingconsiderableinterestinpolitics,andtheywereveryanxiousthatIshouldbecomeoneofthempolitically,ineveryrespect.Theyseemedtohavealittledistrustofstrangersinthisregard.Irecallthatoneman,whoseemedtohavebeendesignatedbytheotherstolookaftermypoliticaldestiny,cametomeonseveraloccasionsandsaid,withagooddealofearnestness:"Wewantsyoutobesuretovotejes'likewevotes.Wecan'treaddenewspapersverymuch,butweknowshowtovote,an'wewantsyoutovotejes'likewevotes."Headded:"Wewatchesdewhiteman,andwekeepswatchingdewhitemantillwefindsoutwhichwaydewhiteman'sgwinetovote;an'whenwefindsoutwhichwaydewhiteman'sgwinetovote,denwevotes'xactlydeotherway.Denweknowswe'sright."当我来到阿拉巴马州的时候，有色人种对政治非常感兴趣，他们非常希望我在政治上完全成为他们的一员。在这方面，他们似乎对陌生人有些不信任。我记得有一位男子，似乎是被其他人指定来照顾我的政治命运，他多次来找我，带着相当的认真态度说：“我们希望你一定要像我们一样投票。我们不太能读懂报纸，但我们知道如何投票，我们希望你也像我们一样投票。”他还补充道：“我们观察白人，一直盯着白人，直到我们弄清楚白人要投哪一边；当我们发现白人要投哪一边时，我们就投完全相反的一边。这样我们就知道我们是对的了。”Iamgladtoadd,however,thatatthepresenttimethedispositiontovoteagainstthewhitemanmerelybecauseheiswhiteislargelydisappearing,andtheraceislearningtovotefromprinciple,forwhatthevoterconsiderstobeforthebestinterestsofbothraces.然而，我很高兴地补充一点，目前那种仅仅因为白人是白人就投票反对他的倾向正在大大减少，这个种族正在学会根据原则投票，投选那些选民认为有利于两个种族共同利益的人。IreachedTuskegee,asIhavesaid,earlyinJune,1881.ThefirstmonthIspentinfindingaccommodationsfortheschool,andintravellingthroughAlabama,examiningintotheactuallifeofthepeople,especiallyinthecourtdistricts,andingettingtheschooladvertisedamongtheclassofpeoplethatIwantedtohaveattendit.Themostofmytravellingwasdoneoverthecountryroads,withamuleandacartoramuleandabuggywagonforconveyance.Iateandsleptwiththepeople,intheirlittlecabins.Isawtheirfarms,theirschools,theirchurches.Since,inthecaseofthemostofthesevisits,therehadbeennonoticegiveninadvancethatastrangerwasexpected,Ihadtheadvantageofseeingthereal,everydaylifeofthepeople.我在1881年6月初到达塔斯基吉，正如我所说的那样。第一个月，我花在为学校寻找住处，并且在阿拉巴马州各地旅行，考察人们的真实生活，特别是在巡回审判区，还通过各种方式向我希望入学的人群宣传这所学校。我的大部分旅行都是走在乡间小路上，用骡子拉着一辆手推车或者骡马拉着一辆双轮轻便马车作为交通工具。我和他们一起住在他们的简陋小屋里，吃着他们的食物，睡在他们的床上。我看到了他们的农田、学校和教堂。由于大多数访问都没有提前通知陌生人要来，所以我有机会看到人们真实、日常的生活。IntheplantationdistrictsIfoundthat,asarule,thewholefamilysleptinoneroom,andthatinadditiontotheimmediatefamilytheresometimeswererelatives,orothersnotrelatedtothefamily,whosleptinthesameroom.OnmorethanoneoccasionIwentoutsidethehousetogetreadyforbed,ortowaituntilthefamilyhadgonetobed.Theyusuallycontrivedsomekindofaplaceformetosleep,eitheronthefloororinaspecialpartofanother'sbed.Rarelywasthereanyplaceprovidedinthecabinwhereonecouldbatheeventhefaceandhands,butusuallysomeprovisionwasmadeforthisoutsidethehouse,intheyard.在种植园地区，我发现通常一家人睡在一个房间里，而且除了直系亲属外，有时还有亲戚或其他与家庭无关的人睡在同一房间。不止一次，我去屋外准备睡觉，或者等到家人已经上床后再入睡。他们通常会设法给我找一个地方睡觉，要么是在地板上，要么是在别人的床的一部分。很少有在小屋里提供地方供人洗脸洗手的，但通常会在屋外院子中做一些安排。Thecommondietofthepeoplewasfatporkandcornbread.AttimesIhaveeatenincabinswheretheyhadonlycornbreadand"black-eyepeas"cookedinplainwater.Thepeopleseemedtohavenootherideathantoliveonthisfatmeatandcornbread,—themeat,andthemealofwhichthebreadwasmade,havingbeenboughtatahighpriceatastoreintown,notwithstandingthefactthatthelandallaboutthecabinhomescouldeasilyhavebeenmadetoproducenearlyeverykindofgardenvegetablethatisraisedanywhereinthecountry.Theironeobjectseemedtobetoplantnothingbutcotton;andinmanycasescottonwasplanteduptotheverydoorofthecabin.人们的普通饮食是肥猪肉和玉米面包。有时我在一些小屋吃饭，那里只有玉米面包和用清水煮的“黑眼豌豆”。人们似乎没有其他想法，只想着靠这种肥肉和玉米面包生活——这些肉和用来做面包的玉米粉都是在镇上的商店以高价购买的，尽管周围的土地完全可以在自家院子里种植几乎任何种类的园艺蔬菜。他们的唯一目标似乎是只种植棉花；在许多情况下，棉花甚至被种到了小屋的门口。InthesecabinhomesIoftenfoundsewing-machineswhichhadbeenbought,orwerebeingbought,oninstalments,frequentlyatacostofasmuchassixtydollars,orshowyclocksforwhichtheoccupantsofthecabinshadpaidtwelveorfourteendollars.IrememberthatononeoccasionwhenIwentintooneofthesecabinsfordinner,whenIsatdowntothetableforamealwiththefourmembersofthefamily,Inoticedthat,whiletherewerefiveofusatthetable,therewasbutoneforkforthefiveofustouse.Naturallytherewasanawkwardpauseonmypart.Intheoppositecornerofthatsamecabinwasanorganforwhichthepeopletoldmetheywerepayingsixtydollarsinmonthlyinstalments.Onefork,andasixty-dollarorgan!在这些小屋家里，我经常发现缝纫机是分期付款购买的，价格常常高达六十美元，或者为了那些装饰性的钟表支付了十二或十四美元。我记得有一次我去一个小屋吃晚饭，当我与这家四口人一起坐在桌边吃饭时，我发现我们五个人只有一把叉子可以用。很自然地，我在那一刻感到有些尴尬。在房间的对面角落里，有一架风琴，主人告诉我他们正在按月分期付款，一共要付六十美元。一把叉子，还有一架六十美元的风琴！Inmostcasesthesewing-machinewasnotused,theclocksweresoworthlessthattheydidnotkeepcorrecttime—andiftheyhad,inninecasesoutoftentherewouldhavebeennooneinthefamilywhocouldhavetoldthetimeofday—whiletheorgan,ofcourse,wasrarelyusedforwantofapersonwhocouldplayuponit.在大多数情况下，缝纫机没有被使用，钟表如此没有价值，以至于不能准确计时——即使它们能，十有八九家里也没有人能够报出时间——而手风琴当然很少有人会弹奏，所以也很少被使用。InthecasetowhichIhavereferred,wherethefamilysatdowntothetableforthemealatwhichIwastheirguest,Icouldseeplainlythatthiswasanawkwardandunusualproceeding,andwasdoneinmyhonour.Inmostcases,whenthefamilygotupinthemorning,forexample,thewifewouldputapieceofmeatinafrying-panandputalumpofdoughina"skillet,"astheycalledit.Theseutensilswouldbeplacedonthefire,andintenorfifteenminutesbreakfastwouldbeready.Frequentlythehusbandwouldtakehisbreadandmeatinhishandandstartforthefield,eatingashewalked.Themotherwouldsitdowninacornerandeatherbreakfast,perhapsfromaplateandperhapsdirectlyfromthe"skillet"orfrying-pan,whilethechildrenwouldeattheirportionofthebreadandmeatwhilerunningabouttheyard.Atcertainseasonsoftheyear,whenmeatwasscarce,itwasrarelythatthechildrenwhowerenotoldenoughorstrongenoughtoworkinthefieldswouldhavetheluxuryofmeat.在我所提到的那个例子里，这家人坐下来准备用餐时，我看得出来这是一件尴尬且不寻常的事，这是为了我的到来特意安排的。通常情况下，当一家人早上起床时，比如妻子会把一块肉放进煎锅里，再在“skillet”（他们这么称呼的锅）里放一团面团。这些炊具会被放在火上，十到十五分钟后早餐就准备好了。丈夫常常拿着面包和肉边走边吃，然后开始一天的工作。母亲可能会坐在角落里吃她的早餐，可能用一个盘子，也可能直接从“skillet”或者煎锅里取食。而孩子们则会在院子里跑来跑去，一边玩耍一边吃他们的那份面包和肉。在一年的某些季节，当肉类稀缺的时候，不够大或者不够强壮不能去田里干活的孩子们很少能享用到肉。Thebreakfastover,andwithpracticallynoattentiongiventothehouse,thewholefamilywould,asageneralthing,proceedtothecotton-field.Everychildthatwaslargeenoughtocarryahoewasputtowork,andthebaby—forusuallytherewasatleastonebaby—wouldbelaiddownattheendofthecottonrow,sothatitsmothercouldgiveitacertainamountofattentionwhenshehadfinishedchoppingherrow.Thenoonmealandthesupperweretakeninmuchthesamewayasthebreakfast.早餐结束后，几乎没有人理会家务，全家通常会一起去棉花地里干活。每个足够大的孩子都会被安排拿锄头干活，而婴儿——通常至少会有一个婴儿——会被放在棉花行的尽头，这样母亲在完成自己的耕作任务后，就可以腾出手来照顾他一会儿。午餐和晚餐的进食方式也差不多。Allthedaysofthefamilywouldbespentaftermuchthissameroutine,exceptSaturdayandSunday.OnSaturdaythewholefamilywouldspentatleasthalfaday,andoftenawholeday,intown.Theideaingoingtotownwas,Isuppose,todoshopping,butalltheshoppingthatthewholefamilyhadmoneyforcouldhavebeenattendedtointenminutesbyoneperson.Still,thewholefamilyremainedintownformostoftheday,spendingthegreaterpartofthetimeinstandingonthestreets,thewomen,toooften,sittingaboutsomewheresmokingordippingsnuff.Sundaywasusuallyspentingoingtosomebigmeeting.Withfewexceptions,IfoundthatthecropsweremortgagedinthecountieswhereIwent,andthatthemostofthecolouredfarmerswereindebt.Thestatehadnotbeenabletobuildschoolhousesinthecountrydistricts,and,asarule,theschoolsweretaughtinchurchesorinlogcabins.Morethanonce,whileonmyjourneys,Ifoundthattherewasnoprovisionmadeinthehouseusedforschoolpurposesforheatingthebuildingduringthewinter,andconsequentlyafirehadtobebuiltintheyard,andteacherandpupilspassedinandoutofthehouseastheygotcoldorwarm.Withfewexceptions,Ifoundtheteachersinthesecountryschoolstobemiserablypoorinpreparationfortheirwork,andpoorinmoralcharacter.Theschoolswereinsessionfromthreetofivemonths.Therewaspracticallynoapparatusintheschoolhouses,exceptthatoccasionallytherewasaroughblackboard.IrecallthatonedayIwentintoaschoolhouse—orratherintoanabandonedlogcabinthatwasbeingusedasaschoolhouse—andfoundfivepupilswhowerestudyingalessonfromonebook.Twoofthese,onthefrontseat,wereusingthebookbetweenthem;behindtheseweretwootherspeepingovertheshouldersofthefirsttwo,andbehindthefourwasafifthlittlefellowwhowaspeepingovertheshouldersofallfour.这个家庭的所有日子都将在大致相同的惯例下度过，除了星期六和星期日。在星期六，全家至少会花半天时间，通常是整整一天，在镇上。去镇上的想法，我想，是为了购物，但全家所能负担的购物量，一个小时内就能被一个人处理完。然而，全家还是会在镇上呆大部分时间，把大部分时间花在街上闲逛，妇女们则常常坐在某个地方抽烟或嚼鼻烟。星期天通常是在参加某个大型集会上度过的。我发现，在我去过的大多数县里，庄稼都被抵押了，而且大多数有色人种农民都负债累累。州政府未能在乡村地区建造校舍，通常学校是在教堂或木屋中上课。在我旅行的过程中，不止一次发现，用作教室的房子在冬季没有供暖设施，因此不得不在院子里生火，老师和学生进出房子以取暖或降温。我发现这些乡村学校的教师普遍准备不足，道德品质也不高。学校开课时间为三到五个月。教室里几乎没有教学设备，偶尔有一块粗糙的黑板。我记得有一天，我走进一所学校——或者更准确地说，是一个废弃的木屋，正在被用作学校——发现有五个学生在用一本书学习功课。前排的两个学生共用一本书；后排的两个学生则探头看前两人的肩膀；在四个学生后面还有一个小个子学生，探头看所有四个学生的肩膀。WhatIhavesaidconcerningthecharacteroftheschoolhousesandteacherswillalsoapplyquiteaccuratelyasadescriptionofthechurchbuildingsandtheministers.关于校舍和教师性格所说的，也相当准确地适用于教堂建筑和牧师。Imetsomeveryinterestingcharactersduringmytravels.Asillustratingthepeculiarmentalprocessesofthecountrypeople,IrememberthatIaskedonecolouredman,whowasaboutsixtyyearsold,totellmesomethingofhishistory.HesaidthathehadbeenborninVirginia,andsoldintoAlabamain1845.Iaskedhimhowmanyweresoldatthesametime.Hesaid,"Therewerefiveofus;myselfandbrotherandthreemules."在我旅行期间，我遇到了一些非常有趣的人物。为了说明乡下人的独特思维方式，我记得我问一个大约六十岁的有色人种男人，能否告诉我他的历史。他说他出生在弗吉尼亚州，并于1845年被卖到了阿拉巴马州。我问他当时有多少人一起被卖掉了。他说：“我们有五个人；我和我的兄弟，还有三头骡子。”IngivingallthesedescriptionsofwhatIsawduringmymonthoftravelinthecountryaroundTuskegee,IwishmyreaderstokeepinmindthefactthatthereweremanyencouragingexceptionstotheconditionswhichIhavedescribed.IhavestatedinsuchplainwordswhatIsaw,mainlyforthereasonthatlaterIwanttoemphasizetheencouragingchangesthathavetakenplaceinthecommunity,notwhollybytheworkoftheTuskegeeschool,butbythatofotherinstitutionsaswell.在描述我在塔斯克基周边地区旅行一个月所看到的一切时，我希望我的读者们牢记这样一个事实：我所描述的情况有许多令人鼓舞的例外。我如此直白地陈述我所看到的内容，主要是因为后来我想强调该社区发生的令人鼓舞的变化，这些变化并非完全由塔斯克基学校的工作促成，其他机构也发挥了作用。
